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David's lecture > Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Metabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are macronutrients?

A
  • Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
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2
Q

what are micronutrients?

A
  • Vitamins, minerals and trace elements
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3
Q

What are nutrients?

A
  • Components of food which have recognisable functions in the body
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4
Q

essential nutrients cannot be made by the body. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Glucose levels hsould be maintained at 5mM. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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6
Q

The liver is a critical organ for glucose regulation. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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7
Q

what are the two key hormones involved in glucose regulation?

A
  • Glucagon - brings glucose levels up

- Insulin - Brings glucose levels down

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8
Q

when blood glucose is high, glucose is turned into glycogen and stored and when blood glucose are low glycogen is converted back to glucose. TRUE OR FASE?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

glucose 6 phosphate can be converted to pyruvate and glycogen. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what process converts glucose 6 phosphate to pyruvate ?

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

what transporter is used to transport glucose in the muscle?

A
  • GLUT4
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12
Q

where are the GLUT4 transporters located in the muscle cell?

A

Inside the cell

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13
Q

what happens to the GLUT4 transpoter once glucose levels are high?

A
  • They come out of the cell and transport glucose to be stored
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14
Q

Once G-6-P is converted into glycogen in the muscles, this is trapped in the muscle cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Insulin stimulates GLUT4 transporters to come outside the muscle cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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16
Q

what is glucose in the adipose tissue stored as?

A

Triacyl glycerol

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17
Q

What GLUT tansporter is used in lipid metabolism in the liver?

A
  • GLUT2
18
Q

malonylCoA inhibits B-oxidation from occuring and hence prevents the production of ketone bodies. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

19
Q

AcetylcoAcarboxylase is the most important enzyme in lipid metabolism in the liver. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

20
Q

Adrenaline and contraction are the main regulators in fatty acid metabolism in the muscle. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

21
Q

During the fed state lipids are produced and stored. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

22
Q

when doing extreme activities adrenergic stimulation causes fatty acids to be mobolised, fatty acids then become the main fuel for muscles . true or false?

A

true

23
Q

what occurs during the fasting state in protein metabolism?

A
  • AAs are the main source of glucose via gluconeogenesis
24
Q

what occurs during the fed state in protein metabolism in the liver?

A
  • excess aa are deaminated
25
Q

glucagon encourages the uptake, deamination and urea cycle activity. true or false?

A

true

26
Q

amino acids from muscle can enter into the liver as what?

A

alanine

27
Q

glucagon is the major in amino acid deamination . true or false?

A

true

28
Q

the liver plays a central role in metabolism. true or false?

A

true

29
Q

how much energy does the brain and kidney use up?

A
  • brain 20%

- kidney 10%

30
Q

how much urine does the kidney produce?

A
  • 2 litres
31
Q

cardiac and smooth muscle are aerobic so are contanstly requiring energy. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

32
Q

Adipose tissue is mostly for fat storage. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

33
Q

Brown fat has more mitochnodria which plas a thermogenic role. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

34
Q

metabolic specialisation from of organs and tissues arises from the expression of different genes, each system has its particular enzymes and transporters. TRUE OR FASLE?

A

TRUE

35
Q

How is metabolic control achieved?

A
  • Metabolic specialisation
  • Change in the number of proteins (expression/degradation)
  • Change in the activity of existing molecules (covalently, allosteric interactions or both)
36
Q

Glucagon regulates liver glucose by affecting enzyme activity by phosphorylation. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

37
Q

glucose stimulates protein kinase A when bllood glucose is scarce in glycogen metabolism. true or false?

A

true

38
Q

when FBPase 2 is activated, glycolysis is inhibited and gluconeogenesis is stimulated. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

39
Q

high levels of fructose 6 phosphate stimulates phosphoprotein phosphatase. true or false?

A

true

40
Q

when PFK2 is activated what is inhibited and activated?

A

gluconeogenesis is inhibited

- glycolysis is activated

41
Q

Fructose - 6 phosphate is a positive alloesteric modulator for phosphoprotein phosphatase. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

David's lecture (13 decks)

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