Metabolism 1 Flashcards
What are macronutrients?
- Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
what are micronutrients?
- Vitamins, minerals and trace elements
What are nutrients?
- Components of food which have recognisable functions in the body
essential nutrients cannot be made by the body. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
Glucose levels hsould be maintained at 5mM. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
The liver is a critical organ for glucose regulation. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what are the two key hormones involved in glucose regulation?
- Glucagon - brings glucose levels up
- Insulin - Brings glucose levels down
when blood glucose is high, glucose is turned into glycogen and stored and when blood glucose are low glycogen is converted back to glucose. TRUE OR FASE?
TRUE
glucose 6 phosphate can be converted to pyruvate and glycogen. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what process converts glucose 6 phosphate to pyruvate ?
Glycolysis
what transporter is used to transport glucose in the muscle?
- GLUT4
where are the GLUT4 transporters located in the muscle cell?
Inside the cell
what happens to the GLUT4 transpoter once glucose levels are high?
- They come out of the cell and transport glucose to be stored
Once G-6-P is converted into glycogen in the muscles, this is trapped in the muscle cells. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Insulin stimulates GLUT4 transporters to come outside the muscle cells. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what is glucose in the adipose tissue stored as?
Triacyl glycerol
What GLUT tansporter is used in lipid metabolism in the liver?
- GLUT2
malonylCoA inhibits B-oxidation from occuring and hence prevents the production of ketone bodies. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
AcetylcoAcarboxylase is the most important enzyme in lipid metabolism in the liver. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Adrenaline and contraction are the main regulators in fatty acid metabolism in the muscle. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
During the fed state lipids are produced and stored. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
when doing extreme activities adrenergic stimulation causes fatty acids to be mobolised, fatty acids then become the main fuel for muscles . true or false?
true
what occurs during the fasting state in protein metabolism?
- AAs are the main source of glucose via gluconeogenesis
what occurs during the fed state in protein metabolism in the liver?
- excess aa are deaminated
glucagon encourages the uptake, deamination and urea cycle activity. true or false?
true
amino acids from muscle can enter into the liver as what?
alanine
glucagon is the major in amino acid deamination . true or false?
true
the liver plays a central role in metabolism. true or false?
true
how much energy does the brain and kidney use up?
- brain 20%
- kidney 10%
how much urine does the kidney produce?
- 2 litres
cardiac and smooth muscle are aerobic so are contanstly requiring energy. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Adipose tissue is mostly for fat storage. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Brown fat has more mitochnodria which plas a thermogenic role. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
metabolic specialisation from of organs and tissues arises from the expression of different genes, each system has its particular enzymes and transporters. TRUE OR FASLE?
TRUE
How is metabolic control achieved?
- Metabolic specialisation
- Change in the number of proteins (expression/degradation)
- Change in the activity of existing molecules (covalently, allosteric interactions or both)
Glucagon regulates liver glucose by affecting enzyme activity by phosphorylation. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
glucose stimulates protein kinase A when bllood glucose is scarce in glycogen metabolism. true or false?
true
when FBPase 2 is activated, glycolysis is inhibited and gluconeogenesis is stimulated. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
high levels of fructose 6 phosphate stimulates phosphoprotein phosphatase. true or false?
true
when PFK2 is activated what is inhibited and activated?
gluconeogenesis is inhibited
- glycolysis is activated
Fructose - 6 phosphate is a positive alloesteric modulator for phosphoprotein phosphatase. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
