Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

David's lecture > Glaucoma > Flashcards

Glaucoma Flashcards

1
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

It is a group of ocular disorders characterised by increased intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of glaucoma?

A
  • Open angle

- Closed angle glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe open and closed angle glaucoma/

A
  • Open angle - occur in more than 70% of the glaucoma cases
  • chronic condition that has no symptoms until visual impairemnts start to occur

Closed angle - More severe, can lead to nerve damage
- usually diagnosed during surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Impairement in aqueous humour outflow can result in an increase in intraocular presssure. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can occur when IOP is increased?

A
  • Leads to nerve damage
  • Loss of peripheral vision
  • and eventually blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is aqueuous humour produced and drained?

A
  • Aqueous humor is produced by the non-pigmented ciliray body (cilia)
  • This then flows behind the lens and throught the pupil via the trabecular mesh work to be drained out via the canal of schlemm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two routes of aqueous humor drainage and how much in terms of percentage is drained from each?

A
  • Via the canal of schlemm (conventional - 90%)

- Via Uveoscleral outflow - this allows for drainage without passign through the trabecular network (aletrantive 10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two types of cilia epithilia?

A
  • Darker inner layer - pigmented epthilia

- Outer layer - non-prigmented epithilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much aqueous humor is produced?

A
  • 3mL of aqueous humor is produced per day with coninus ultrafiltration from aterial blood and active secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aqueous humor passes from posterior to anterior chamber via the pupils. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal IOP?

A
  • 10-20mm Hg - this inceases in glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is IOP determined by?

A
  • Rate of aquoeus humor production

- rate of aquoeus humor drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Increased IOP causes damage to the retina and optic nerve. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What occurs in closed angle (angle glaucoma)?

A
  • Iris presses forwards
  • Adheres to the trabecular network (closing the angle)
  • This prevents outflow of aqueous humor
  • Leading to acute but large increase in IOP
  • Leads to rapid nerve damage
  • Eventually blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wat occurs in open angle glaucoma?

A
  • It is most common amongst patients
  • Not many structural changes observed
  • Angle is usually the same but the outflow of aqueous humor is reduced i.e due to blockage in trabecular meshwork, canal of schlemm or vein draining the eye
  • IOP is not as increased compared to cloased angle but can cause nerve damage over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Visual impairement caused prior diagnosis is usually unlikely to be treated/ restored. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

17
Q

The angle in closed between the iris and the cornea. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

18
Q

IOP is increased by altered AH production and outflow . TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

19
Q

What are the treatment options for treating open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Increase AH outflow via Prostaglandins via the uveoscelral path
  • Decreased AH production by ciliary body with B2 anatagonists, a2 agonists an carboni anhydrase inhibitors
20
Q

What are the treatment options for closed angle glaucoma?

A
  • Managment of Increased IOP by manitol
  • Miotics - increase outflow of AH via the trabecular meshwork
  • Prostangladins to increase outflow of AH via uvescleral
  • Surgery to reduce pressure betweenthe anteror and psoterior chambers
21
Q

Give an example of Prostangladins F2a analgue?

A
  • Latanoprost - increases outfflow through uvescleral pathway
  • Better efficacy and fewer systemic side effects
22
Q

Water is osmotically pumped into the aquoes humor via the Na+/K+ ATPase. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

23
Q

Na+ and Cl- balance is restored from stroma via antiports in the pigmented epithlial cells. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

24
Q

The electrochemical balance is maintained by the xports of H+ and HCO3- produced by carbonic anhydrase. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

25
Q

Increased cAMP does not increase AH production. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

26
Q

B-andrenergic activation increases cAMP production. therefore B-andrenergic antagonists will reduce AH production. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

27
Q

A-andrehergic decreases cAMP activation. Therefore A-andrenergic agonist will reduce AH production. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

28
Q

A-andrenergic agonist indirectly reduces AH production by reducing B-adrenergic production. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

29
Q

B- receptors in the eye are primarily B2. true or false?

A

true

30
Q

B2 receptors regulate AH production by ciliary body and they decrease blood flow to the eye therefore decreasing the fluid available for AH production (e.g timolol). TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

31
Q

B antagonists are contradincated with asthma ptients and patients with heart failure. TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

32
Q

Provide an example of a a2 agonist drug?

A

Brimonidine

33
Q

How do a2 agonist work (mechanism of action)?

What are the two mechanisms of action?

A
  • pre-synaptic membrane inhibit NA release (Sympathetic Nervous System)
  • activation of a2 receptors direcrly inhibits the formatio of AH prouction
34
Q

Carbonic anhydrases inhibiotrs are mostly used in open angle glaucoma. TRUE IR FALSE?

A

TRUE

35
Q

Brinzolamide is most commonly used carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as it is given topically. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

36
Q

Drug interactions with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with digoxin. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

37
Q

Drugs that cause hypokaleamia are contranidicated in patients receiving digoxin including acetazolamide. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

38
Q

Miotics for closed angle glaucoma opens drainage channels. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

39
Q

Mannitol for closed angle glaucoma reduces fluid secretion into the eye. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

David's lecture (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions