one health

Question 1

what is cholera and give some symptoms and what does V. cholerae release.

Answer 1

-an infection of the intestine caused by vibrio cholerae ( gram negative, rod shaped bacteria) when consume contaminated food/water.

symptoms=
‘rice water stools’
poor skin elasticity
diarrhoea

releases cholera toxin (CT) -
which is a AB toxin, similar to e.coli
made up of 6 protein subunits. 1 is A subunit (enzymatic)
5 is B subunit (binding to host epithelial cells)
encoded by a CTX bacteriophage

Question 2

what is the aim of cholera toxin (CT/CTX)

Answer 2

increases levels of cAMP inside host cell for CFTR to be produced which allows water to escape the lumen = diarrhoea and severe dehydration.

Question 3

what toxic pill does V. cholera use to cause severe diarrhoea

Answer 3

toxin- coregulated pili (TCP)

Question 4

of the 200 recognised serogroups, what are the two serogroups that have been associated with severe disease and pandemics.

Answer 4

serogroup -O1 (A antigen)
serogroup- O139

Question 5

what are the biotypes and serotypes of the ‘O1 serogroup’.

Answer 5

biotypes = classical and El Tor (EL Tor survives longer).
serotypes=
ogawa ( B and A)
inane (C and A)
Hikojima (all antigens/rare)

Question 6

what type of zooplankton plays a crucial rolee in transmission and survival of V. cholera.

Answer 6

copepods have a commensal relationship with V. cholerae.
copepods and presence of algae = high V. cholera. and forms biofilms

Question 7

in a research study what kind of sari was most effective at removing copepods?

Answer 7

old cotton sari
was more effective than
new nylon sari

Question 8

understand satellite sensing for predicting future cholera outbreak? and a example

Answer 8

V. cholerae can be estimated based on sea temperature and phytoplankton abundance.
can be done.
direct: microbes seen by sensors
indirect: chlorophyll seen in cyanobacteria.
studies focus of Bay of Bengal area