one health

Question 1

3 key one health priorities

Answer 1

1)origins of emerging disease
2) drivers of spillover and disease
3) zoonotic disease and surveillance (most emerging pathogens are zoonotic)

Question 2

drivers of disease emergence example

Answer 2

nipah virus in pigs due to fruit bats

Question 3

rabies management stratagies and cause of virus (dog bite)

Answer 3

-PEP delivered when people are bitten
-lyssavirus
-99% human deaths caused

Question 4

cause of maolgant catarrhal fever (MCF) and Hendra virus

Answer 4

-disease of cattle transmitted from wildebeest
-disease of horses and people from flying fox species

Question 5

what is not a type of vaccine?

Answer 5

molecular mimic

Question 6

two types of vaccination?

Answer 6

1) prophylactic - prevents condition
2) therapeutic - given to someone already suffering from condition

Question 7

how to read a reproduction number
R0.

Answer 7

R0>1 the outbreak is expected to continue as spreads to one person to another
R0<1 an outbreak ends as individual cannot pass infection to another person

Question 8

what type of vaccine is smallpox

Answer 8

live attenuated vaccine

Question 9

name 2 viral vaccine strategies ?

Answer 9

1) replicating (living) viral vaccine e.g
-live attenuated
-replicating viral vectors

2) non-replicating (non-living) viral vaccines
-subunit
-nucleic acid

Question 10

what makes it harder to eradicate a virus by vaccination?

Answer 10

if the virus uses RNA genome (as its good at mutating and constantly changing)

Question 11

what type of vaccine is harmless virus modified to deliver genetic material for the target virus ?

Answer 11

viral vector

Question 12

what age does UK vaccinate individuals against HPV?

Answer 12

12-13

Question 13

what virus has been designated a PHEIC?

Answer 13

ebola

Question 14

when was m-pox discovered and how is it transmitted?

Answer 14

1958
-human to human. does not need animal reservoir.
transmitted from animals (zoonotic) by skin breaks or respiratory tract.

Question 15

genome of m-pox virus

Answer 15

linear double stranded DNA
enveloped
replication in cytoplasm

Question 16

the two types of M-pox virus

Answer 16

clade 1 and clade 2!
clade 1 caused higher number of people with mpox to get severely sick or die compared to clade 2

Question 17

methods of diagnosis for m-pox

Answer 17

1) using PCR
2) IBM more informative than IgG
3) new approaches such as MinION sequences

Question 18

treatment of m-pox via dugs

Answer 18

-no effective anti-viral drug
-3 dugs used as a combination therapy to avoid drug resistance

Question 19

treatment of m-pox via vaccination?

Answer 19

-small pox vaccine used (live attenuated)
-people born after 1971 have higher risk of infection
-community engagement is key