excess mortality

Question 1

what is the determinants of health?

Answer 1

socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

Question 2

what is the two risk factors of a disease?

Answer 2

modifiable=lifestyle impacts
non- modifiable= family history, age, ethnicity

Question 3

define causation and association?

Answer 3

the way health is determined by you consider causation and association.
association= two variables are related
causation= one variable caused the other

Question 4

WHO’s definition of health and criticism that comes with it?

Answer 4

health is a state of complete physical, mental and physical well-being. however this is not practical for modern health and health should be viewed as a dynamic state that allows a person to adapt and self manage health.

Question 5

explain new approaches to health (reformulation)

Answer 5

‘Ottawa Charter’ works to enhance peoples well-being

Question 6

define allostasis and allostatic load?

Answer 6

allostasis= a healthy body being able to adapt to changing conditions to keep itself balanced e.g exercise or temp change
allostatic load= body cannot adapt which results in stress building up and illness can occur

Question 7

meaning of ‘sense of coherernce’ and ‘autonomy’

Answer 7

mental resilience
freedom and self rule/ determination

Question 8

definition of epidemiology evidence ?

Answer 8

takes health related events and aims to establish causality and control health problems

Question 9

5 types of observational evidence and 1 experimental.

Answer 9

-case reports
-correlational (ecological)
- cross- sectional surveys
-case-control studies
-cohort studies
exper= randomised control trial

Question 10

hierarchy of evidence

Answer 10

1st most reliable- systematic reviews and meta analysis
2nd- randomised control trial
3rd- cohort studies
4th- case control study
5th- case series and report

Question 11

what is confounding and reverse causality and give examples!

Answer 11

confounding- may mask the effect of another variable that is causing the disease. For example, a hypothesis that coffee drinkers have more heart disease than non-coffee drinkers may be influenced by another factor eg diet
reverse causality- when the “effect” of something could actually be its cause. For example, some studies have observed that diet soda drinkers are more likely to be obese than people who don’t drink diet soda.

Question 12

what are blue zones?

Answer 12

regions of the world known for having high life expectancy (living longer) and concentrations of centenarians.
mostly follow a plant based diet

Question 13

estimated population over 65 in 2050

Answer 13

1.5 billion

Question 14

how many people in UK living with dementia and what will it be predicted in 2050?

Answer 14

850 000 now
2050- 2 million

Question 15

Evaluate the role of genetics: Assess the influence of genetic factors, such as the FTO gene, on obesity and related diseases.

Answer 15

FTO gene is associated to higher body weight due to having higher levels of hunger hormone (gherkin) in their blood.

Question 16

state the physical activity guidelines

Answer 16

moderate- 150-300 minutes
viguirous- 75-150 minutes
2 days a week strength training

Question 17

diet recommendations

Answer 17

35% total energy from fat (10% saturated and 2% trans)
50% total energy from carbs ( 5% sugar)
>30g of fibre a day
0.75grams of protein per kg of body weight

Question 18

define excess mortality and give an example

Answer 18

number of deaths during a certain time period is higher than expected based on past data eg covid 19