Oncology Test 1 Flashcards
Describe malignant Tumour
- not encapsulated
- irregular structure (crab like appearance)
- sarcomas and carcinomas
- do not obey body growth mechanisms
- Grow faster
- poorly/undifferentiated cells
- Grow by invading surrounding tissues
- do metastasize
Describe a Benign Tumour
- encapsulated with fibrous capsule
- regular structure
- well differentiated cells
- Obey some body growth control mechanisms
- Grow slowly
- Grow by expansion
- do not metastasize
What does TNM stand for?
Tumour, Nodes, metastases
explain all classifications of the T in the TNM staging system
Tis= carcinoma in situ
Tx= tumour cannot be measured
T0=primary tumour cannot be found
T1 = less then 2 cm
T2 = more then 2cm, less then 5cm
T3 = more then 5cm
T4 = invading adjacent tissues
Explain all classifications of the N in the TNM staging system
N0 = no nodal involvement
N1 = minor/regional nodal involvement
N2 = extensive nodal involvement on ipsilateral side or nodal involvement on contralateral side
n3 = distant nodal involvement
Explain all classifications of the M in the TNM staging system
M0 = no metastases
M1 = metastases present
Explain carcinomas under the following headings:
- appearance
- Tissue or origin
- Types
- Spread
- Treatment Options
Appearance: Crab like look, irregular structure, poorly defined margins
Tissue of origin: Epithelial tissue
Types: Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma (glandular epithelium)
spread: local = invading and infiltrating surrounding tissues
distant = metastases via lymphatics (penetrating thin walls, lodging in lymph nodes) and Blood (penetrating thin walled blood vessels, carried downstream, lodge in capillary beds often metastasize in liver, brain, lungs, skin and bone)
Treatment options: depends on size, stage, location and type. May be a single or combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy.
How are benign Tumours best treated?
Surgery
How are Carcinomas treated?
Surgery, RT, Chemo and hormone therapy
How are Sarcomas treated?
RT, Surgery and chemo
How are Gliomas treated?
Surgery, chemotherapy and RT
How are lymphomas/leukemias treated?
Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy sometimes RT for lymphomas
What are the 3 radiosensitizers’
Capecitabine - rectum
Cisplatin - brain
Temozolomide - head and neck
What is an example of a breast chemotherapy regime
AC + PACL
Adjuvant DOXOrubicin and CYCYLOPHOSPHOamide dose dense follwed by PACLitaxel weekly.
What are the side effects of a breast cancer regime?
Immediate: nausea and vomiting, taste and smell alteration and bone pain
Early: neutropenia (lack of neutrophils causing higher infection risk), fatigue and diarrhea.
Late: Alopecia, cognitive changes/chemo fog and anemia (low red blood cell level)
Delayed: menopausal symptoms and cardiotoxicity (heart damage)
