oncology part 3

Question 1

Lung Cancer facts

Answer 1

early diagnosis is key to tx
African Americans often affected
leading cause of cancer-related death

Question 2

lung cancer etiology

Answer 2

smoking

risk increases with every cigarette smoked, expressed as pack per year

Question 3

common causes of lung cancer other than smoking

Answer 3

2nd hand smoke
COPD
asbestos
radon
arsenic
genetics

Question 4

pathophysiology of lung cancer

Answer 4

carcinogen overload
genetic predisposition
paralyze the cilia
lesion development progresses to cancer
activation of oncogenes
deactivation of tumor suppressor genes
rapid proliferation/destruction/invasion

Question 5

non-small cell lung cancer

Answer 5

NSCLC

makes up up about 85% to 90% of all lung cancers; slow growing

Question 6

small cell lung cancer

Answer 6

SCLC

rapidly growing tumor that tends to metastasize quickly

Question 7

s/s lung cancer

Answer 7

cough
hemoptysis
wheeze/ stridor
dyspnea
wt loss
excessive fatigue
weakness
hoarsens
obstructive accumulation of secretions
can be asymptomatic
paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 8

paraneoplastic ACTH in lung cancer

Answer 8

involves lung tumor secretions of ACTH
lung tumors can inappropriately produce ACTH
melanocytes are often stimulated giving pt with lung cancer a tanned appearance

Question 9

breast cancer

Answer 9

2nd most common cancer in US
most develop from lining in ducts
over-expressed estrogen receptors
over-expressed HER2

Question 10

risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 10

age greater than 50
prolonged reproductive life
hormone replacement therapy
obesity
late child birth
nulliparous (no pregnancy)
family hx breast ca
ashkenazi jew
BRACA 1 and BRACA 2 mutation

Question 11

BRACA genes

Answer 11

testing can be performed in selective high risk patients with a strong family hx of breast and ovarian cancer
genetic counseling should be available for these patients undergoing tx

Question 12

many patients positive for BRACA do what?

Answer 12

preventative mastectomy and oophorectomy

Question 13

individuals with BRACA 1 and 2 have an increased risk of?

Answer 13

breast
ovarian
colon
pancreatic
males-prostate cancer

Question 14

signs of breast cancer

Answer 14

single tumor
nontender tumor
firm tumor
irregular borders
adherence to skin or chest wall
upper, outer quadrant of breast
nipple discharge
swelling in one breast
nipple or skin retraction
Peau d'orange -
Padget's disease

Question 15

Peau d-orange

Answer 15

a thickening of skin that resembles an orange peel

Question 16

padget’s disease

Answer 16

breast disease which involves redness, crusting, pruritis, and tenderness of the nipple, is also characteristic of a cancerous change.

Question 17

risk factors of cervical cancer

Answer 17

smoking
history of sexually transmitted disease
HPV infection
two or more lifetime sexual partners
immunosuppression
genetics

Question 18

types of HPV

Answer 18

high and low risk

Question 19

high risk HPV

Answer 19

causes persistent infection that progresses to cervical cancer

Question 20

low risk HPV

Answer 20

causes condylomas (genital warts) but does not cause cervical cancer

Question 21

clinical course of cervical cancer

Answer 21

long asymptomatic period before the disease becomes clinically evident
abnormal pap alerts the individual of a problem

Question 22

colorectal cancer

Answer 22

2nd leading cause of death because of cancer

beginning at age 50 should have annual colonoscopy every 10 years

Question 23

risk factors for colorectal cancer

Answer 23

obesity 
tobacco use
physical inactivity 
insulin resistance
low fiber diet
high amount of animal fat in diet
diets low in vit A, C, E
UC
heavy alcohol use

Question 24

symptoms of colorectal cancer

Answer 24

fatigue
weakness
weightloss
iron deficiency anemia
changes in bowel habits
melena
diarrhea
constipation
lower bowel cancer can present with hematochezia and narrowing of stool caliber.