oncology part 3 Flashcards
Lung Cancer facts
early diagnosis is key to tx
African Americans often affected
leading cause of cancer-related death
lung cancer etiology
smoking
risk increases with every cigarette smoked, expressed as pack per year
common causes of lung cancer other than smoking
2nd hand smoke COPD asbestos radon arsenic genetics
pathophysiology of lung cancer
carcinogen overload genetic predisposition paralyze the cilia lesion development progresses to cancer activation of oncogenes deactivation of tumor suppressor genes rapid proliferation/destruction/invasion
non-small cell lung cancer
NSCLC
makes up up about 85% to 90% of all lung cancers; slow growing
small cell lung cancer
SCLC
rapidly growing tumor that tends to metastasize quickly
s/s lung cancer
cough hemoptysis wheeze/ stridor dyspnea wt loss excessive fatigue weakness hoarsens obstructive accumulation of secretions can be asymptomatic paraneoplastic syndrome
paraneoplastic ACTH in lung cancer
involves lung tumor secretions of ACTH
lung tumors can inappropriately produce ACTH
melanocytes are often stimulated giving pt with lung cancer a tanned appearance
breast cancer
2nd most common cancer in US
most develop from lining in ducts
over-expressed estrogen receptors
over-expressed HER2
risk factors for breast cancer
age greater than 50 prolonged reproductive life hormone replacement therapy obesity late child birth nulliparous (no pregnancy) family hx breast ca ashkenazi jew BRACA 1 and BRACA 2 mutation
BRACA genes
testing can be performed in selective high risk patients with a strong family hx of breast and ovarian cancer
genetic counseling should be available for these patients undergoing tx
many patients positive for BRACA do what?
preventative mastectomy and oophorectomy
individuals with BRACA 1 and 2 have an increased risk of?
breast ovarian colon pancreatic males-prostate cancer
signs of breast cancer
single tumor nontender tumor firm tumor irregular borders adherence to skin or chest wall upper, outer quadrant of breast nipple discharge swelling in one breast nipple or skin retraction Peau d'orange - Padget's disease
Peau d-orange
a thickening of skin that resembles an orange peel
padget’s disease
breast disease which involves redness, crusting, pruritis, and tenderness of the nipple, is also characteristic of a cancerous change.
risk factors of cervical cancer
smoking history of sexually transmitted disease HPV infection two or more lifetime sexual partners immunosuppression genetics
types of HPV
high and low risk
high risk HPV
causes persistent infection that progresses to cervical cancer
low risk HPV
causes condylomas (genital warts) but does not cause cervical cancer
clinical course of cervical cancer
long asymptomatic period before the disease becomes clinically evident
abnormal pap alerts the individual of a problem
colorectal cancer
2nd leading cause of death because of cancer
beginning at age 50 should have annual colonoscopy every 10 years
risk factors for colorectal cancer
obesity tobacco use physical inactivity insulin resistance low fiber diet high amount of animal fat in diet diets low in vit A, C, E UC heavy alcohol use
symptoms of colorectal cancer
fatigue weakness weightloss iron deficiency anemia changes in bowel habits melena diarrhea constipation lower bowel cancer can present with hematochezia and narrowing of stool caliber.
