oncology part 1 Flashcards
the cell cycle
a sequence of growth stages that a cell moves through for mitosis and regeneration
in order for the cell to undergo mitosis it must go through what stages?
G0 G1 S G2 M
G0
cell at rest
not engaged in cycle
G1
cells enter cell cycle
S
synthesis of structures
G2
cells prepare to divide
M
mitosis is complete
cancer cells disregard what?
the NORMAL cell cycle
they are constantly moving through cell cycle
cells proliferate and accumulate all over each other, may eventually break free to distant body sites
Differentiation
the extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally
anaplasia
lack of differentiation, indicates total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and cell dysfunction
Grade 1
cells are well differentiated
Grade 2
cells are moderately differentiated
Grade 3
poorly differentiated or anaplastic cells
malignant tumors are graded through
I to III
staging classifies the tumors by
size, invasiveness, and spread
TNM system
What does TNM stand for?
Tumor size, location, involvement
N- lymph node involvement
M- metastasis to distant organs
T0
no evidence of primary tumor
TIS
tumor in situ
T1-4
progressive increase in tumor size or involvement
N0
no spread to regional lymph nodes
N1
spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes
N2
spread to most distant or numerous reginal lymph nodes
M0
no metastisis
M1
Metastisis
Stage 1
confined to organ or origin
Stage 2
locally invasive
Stage 3
Regional Spread
Stage 4
spread to distant sites
