oncology part 2

Question 1

4 phases of carcinogenesis

Answer 1

initiation
promotion
progression
metastasis

Question 2

cancer genetics

Answer 2

gene mutation can be hereditary or sporadic, meaning that they were acquired during a persons lifetime

Question 3

P53 gene

Answer 3

tumor suppressor gene in cells that controls cellular apoptosis ( natural death of cells with damaged DNA)

Question 4

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 4

defective cells that loose the ability to inhibit cellular growth and division, thus allowing cancer formation

Question 5

proto-oncogenes

Answer 5

genes that stimulate and regulate a cell’s movement through the cell cycle, resulting in cellular growth and proliferation

Question 6

what happens when proto-oncogenes mutate?

Answer 6

become oncogenes that stimulate constant, unrelenting cellular proliferation and cell cycling

Question 7

what are carcinogens?

Answer 7

substances that cause development of cancer
can alter cell DNA
damage = cumulative

Question 8

Classification of carcinogens

Answer 8

known
probable
possible

Question 9

promoters

Answer 9

agents that promote development of cancer

Question 10

examples of promoters

Answer 10

diet
alcoholic beverages
tobacco
hormones

Question 11

viral- induced cancer

Answer 11

from any virus to live and propagate, it must inset genes into host cell’s genome
host cell becomes a manufacturer of virus

Question 12

MOA of viral-induced cancer

Answer 12

always involves the activation of growth-promoting pathways or inhibition of tumor suppressors in infected cells

Question 13

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Answer 13

a substance that gives them the capability to develop new blood vessels

Question 14

cancer is spread by

Answer 14

seeding
implantation
metastasis

Question 15

what are the two types of metastasis?

Answer 15

lymphatic

vascular

Question 16

lymphatic spread

Answer 16

spread through lymph system, cells trapped in lymph nodes

death, dormancy, flourish/proliferate

Question 17

vascular spread

Answer 17

spread by vascular drainage
penetrate local veins and travels the body
often 1st stop in liver
clumping, trapping, proliferation

Question 18

most common places for secondary tumors

Answer 18

lungs
bone
liver
brain

Question 19

secondary tumors need what to survive

Answer 19

oxygen
nutrients
access to blood (angiogenesis)

Question 20

lung cancer often metastases’ to?

Answer 20

bone, brain

Question 21

colon cancer often metastases’ to?

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

breast cancer often metastases’ to?

Answer 22

bone, brain, liver, lung

Question 23

prostate cancer often metastases’ to?

Answer 23

vertebrae

Question 24

melanoma often metastases’ to?

Answer 24

brain