Oncology Disorder & Treatments

Question 1

Oncology Disorders & Treatments tested

Answer 1

1. Colorectal Cancer
2. Chemotherapy Types
3. Chemotherapy Side Effects
4. Radiation Therapy

Question 2

Where is Colorectal Cancer initially formed?

Answer 2

Is it first formed in the Mucosal Lining of the inner wall of the Colon and Rectum. Almost all begin as Adenomatous Polyps.

Question 3

4 Stages of Colorectal Cancer

Answer 3

• Stage I: Cancer is confined to inner wall of the Colon/Rectum
• Stage II: Spread into Muscle Layer
• Stage III: Spread to Lymph Nodes
• Stage IV: Metastasis to other organs (e.g. Lungs, Liver)

Question 4

Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer

Answer 4

1. Family History
2. 45 years old and above
3. High Animal fat and Kcal intake
4. Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle
5. High level of Emotional Stress
6. Excessive Cigarette Smoking
7. Excessive Intake of Alcohol
8. Known case of Inflammatory Bowel disease/Polyps

Question 5

Types of Chemotherapy

Answer 5

• Curative: For tumours with 100% growth fraction - Blood Malignancy
• Adjuvant: Treatment for Micro-Metastasis after Curative treatment by other modality, usually Surgery
• Neoadjuvant: Given before definitive surgery
• Concurrent: Given witn Radiotherapy
• Palliative: “Control” of disseminated disease

Question 6

Chemotherapy Side Effects & Nursing Management

Answer 6

1. Fatigue: Rest Periods during the day, encourage energy-conservative activities
2. Alopecia (Hair Loss)
3. Mucositis: Promote good oral hygiene practices
4. Bone Marrow Suppression (Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Anaemia): Monitor complete blood counts (CBC) regularly, Patient Education on Infection Prevention
5. Nausea/Vomiting: Use Antiemetics
6. Anorexia/Weight Changes: Nutritionally balanced diet with a dietitian’s help
7. Skin Changes: Gentle Skincare, Moisturiser without Alcohol/Perfume
8. Pain Management: Regular Assessment, Analgesics
9. Peripheral Neuropathy: Fall Prevention, Possible Treatment Adjustments

Question 7

Definition of Radiation Therapy

Answer 7

It may be used alone or in conjunction with other therapies. Is is the use of high-energy particles/X-rays to create ionising radiation, resulting in biochemical damage of the chemical bonds, which loosely holds DNA together

Question 8

Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

Answer 8

1. Hand & Neck: Mucositis, Xerostomia, Taste Changes, Dental Carries
2. Thorax: Esophagitis, Radiation Pneumonitis, Fibrosis, Lymphedema
3. Abdomen: Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea
4. Pelvic: Diarrhoea, Cystitis, Abdominal Cramps, Vaginal Dryness