Oncology

Question 1

Cancer is the ___ leading cause of death globally.

Answer 1

2nd

Question 2

Why are cancer death rates in the US declining?

Answer 2

earlier detection, improving treatment options, heightened public awareness for prevention and screening

Question 3

What are intrinsic risk factors?

Answer 3

unable to modify or prevent:

age, heredity, hormones, immune system competence, metabolic abnormalities

Question 4

What are extrinsic risk factors?

Answer 4

modifiable, preventable; cause of most cancer:

environmental, occupational, , lifestyle

Question 5

During “mets” what ways can cancer cells spread from primary tissues to neighboring tissue?

Answer 5

via blood vessel, lymphatic system or transported externally (e.g. surgical tools)

Question 6

Stage 0

Answer 6

Carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells are present but have not spread to neighboring tissues (preinvasive cancer)

Question 7

Stage I, II, III

Answer 7

higher numbers indicate more extensive disease; Larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor.

Question 8

Stage IV

Answer 8

the cancer has spread to another organ(s)

Question 9

When treating fatigue what should you do?

Answer 9

treat the underlying causes and the symptoms

Question 10

Breast reconstruction: TRAM flap

Answer 10

transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous - difficulty with trunk flexion

Question 11

Breast reconstruction - DIEP flap

Answer 11

deep inferior epigastric perforation; no muscle cut/moved

Question 12

Breast reconstruction LDMF flap

Answer 12

latissimus dorsi myocutaneous

Question 13

What are some of the precautions post-op breast reconstructive surgery?

Answer 13

avoid strain on abdomen (flex position, log roll to get OOB, lift restrictions, avoid scapular retraction)

Question 14

What are the most common types of genitourinary cancers?

Answer 14

prostate, cervix, bladder, kidneys

Question 15

What is lymphoma?

Answer 15

cancer that begins in immune and lymphatic systems (hodgkins and non-hodgkins)

Question 16

What is multiple myeloma?

Answer 16

cancer of plasma cells responsible for producing antibodies for immune system

Question 17

What is Sarcoma?

Answer 17

malignant tumors of soft tissue and bone in any part of the body, but predominantly LE

Question 18

What are the common “mets” for brain and spinal cord tumors?

Answer 18

breast cancer, lung cancer and melanomas

Question 19

Glioma

Answer 19

tumor originated in glial cells

- types: astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), oligodendrogliomas, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, ependymomas

Question 20

Meningioma

Answer 20

tumors growing from meningeal layer (outer covering lining of brain and spinal cord
- 1/3 to 1/2 of all spinal cord and brain tumors

Question 21

Acoustic Neuromas and Schwannomas

Answer 21

tumors from schwann cells that line cranial and peripheral nerves

Question 22

Medulloblastomas

Answer 22

from fetal cells in cerebellum; mostly in children under 10 years old; fast growing tumors can spread easily via CSF pathways

Question 23

What are the ABCDEFs of skin cancer?

Answer 23

A: Asymmetry in mole
B: Border irregularity
C: Color
D: Diameter >6mm
E: Evolution
F: Feeling (sensation changes)

Question 24

Hematopoietic cell transplantation

Answer 24

bone marrow transplant & peripheral stem cell transplantation

• treat blood disorder cancers
• rid body of cancerous cells and replace with stem cells

Question 25

What does Leukopenic mean?

Answer 25

low WBCs

Question 26

What does neutropenic mean?

Answer 26

low neutrophil count (most abundant WBC; most important indicator of infection risk)