Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

benign vs malignant

primary vs secondary

A

Benign: non progressive or recurrent
Malignant: growing worse, resistant to treatment, trending or threatening to produce death. Growing uncontrollably.
Primary tumor: original tumor in original location
Secondary tumor: metastases that have moved from the primary site

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2
Q

primary vs secondary vs tertiary disease prevention

A

Primary: direct avoidance or reduction in exposure to known carcinogenic factors
Secondary: screening, early detection, effective treatment
Tertiary: for individuals who have already been dx with cancer, screening of secondary malignancies. Treatment of existing cancer.

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3
Q

TNM system of cancer staging

A

T: extent (size/number) of primary tumor
N: lymph nodes involvement
M: presence or absence of metastasis

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4
Q

differentiated vs undifferentiated cancer cells

A

Differentiated cells: → low Grade
Benign tumor that reproduce at a higher rate than normal

Undifferentiated cells: → high grade (poor prognosis)
Malignant tumor un-capsulated, grow uncontrollably,

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5
Q

3 goals for cancer Tx

A

cure - chemotherapy, biotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery

control -enables extension of life when cure not possible

palliation - decreases tumor burden, improve quality of life, relieve pain

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6
Q

surgery vs radiation vs chemo

A

radiation - eradicate tumor cells - can cause pt skin to become fragile - INTENT TO CURE

surgery - high risk of cancer spreading into full organ - INTENT TO CONTROL/CURE/PALLIATIVE

chemo - targets all cells actively dividing - INTENT TO CONTROL

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7
Q

lab values to monitor w/ chemo

A

CBC
HgB and HCT
ANC

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8
Q

benefits of PT for pt undergoing chemo

A
increase ANC
elevate VO2
improved mood
decrease N/V
increased NK cells
increased strength and endurance
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9
Q

when to withhold or stop exercise chemo

A

At rest: HR > 100bpm, dyspnea, low diastolic BP

During exercise: abnormal BP response, abnormal fatigue, dizziness, nausea, pallor, excessive sweating

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10
Q

effects of chemo on ROM, strength, endurance, CV and pulm

A

ROM: Disuse of a joint following chemo
Strength: Can damage muscle or peripheral tissue
Endurance: deficits are documented after cancer treatment
CV:Can affect patients response to exercise
Pulmonary: Chemo agents can damage pneumocytes and the pulmonary parenchyma leading to destruction of alveoli and dilation of air spaces

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11
Q

ways to minimize cancer fatigue

A

give frequent rest breaks
monitor VS
promote aerobic and resistive exercise
match the level they are that day

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12
Q

post op mastectormy mobility concerns

A

limited ROM as a result of lymphedema

pt use abdominal support pillow

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13
Q

effects of chemo on hearing/vestibular, sensation, balance, mental health, fall risk

A

hearing –> Cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug, has been associated with both vestibular toxicity and ototoxicity
sensation –> chemo induced peripheral neuropathy
balance → can be due to neuropathy, dec SLS time, limitations is full tandem stance
mental health → depression, anxiety, distress
fall risk → can be due to neuropathy, impaired cognition and impaired balance

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14
Q

ABCDEs fo skin cancer

A
Asymmetry
Border (irregular) 
Color (varied)
Diameter (>6mm)
Evolving (change in appearance)
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15
Q

post op issues following thoracic surgery lung cancer

A
Surgical procedure can cause lung deflation 
High level of pain 
May require O2 supplements 
May require chest tube placement 
Deep breathing exercises
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16
Q

precautions do you have to take w/ chest tube

A

Don’t lift the box above the patient
Don’t tip over the box
Don’t put tension on the tube
hook that to walker/ hold or fail final practical

17
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth

18
Q

tumor

A

medical language for neoplasm

19
Q

dysplagia

A

viability of cell size and shape w/ increased rate of mitosis

20
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one mature cell type by a different mature cell type

21
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

22
Q

differentiation

A

the extent to which a cell resembles mature morphology and funciton

23
Q

s/s of cancer

A

Unusual bleeding or discharge
Unexplained weight loss of 10 pounds or more
Fever
Fatigue
Pain
Persistent cough or hoarseness without a known cause
Skin changes

24
Q

cancer related impairments 12`

A
fatigue
lymphedema
pain
cog deficits
deficit in ROM/MMT
deficit in endurance
respiratory and CV
hearing and vestibular
sensory - most common is peripheral neuropathy
balance
gait
anxiety depression
25
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

Noduloulcerative lesion from sun exposure on head, ears

26
Q

squamous cell cancer

A

Variable presentation of pink lesions to scaly plaques

27
Q

respiratory cancer
types
s/s

A

NSCLC
SCLC

chronic cough, dyspnea, hoarseness, chest pain, hemoptysis

28
Q

common sites of metastases lung cancer

A

bone, adrenal glands, liver, intra abdominal lymph, brian spinal cord

29
Q

stage I and II lung cancer

A

lobectomy is gold standard