ONCOLOGIC DISORDERS Flashcards
The three leading causes of cancer in US are:
IN MEN:
1. Lung
2. Prostate
3. Colorectal Area
IN WOMEN:
1. Breast
2. Lung
3. Colorectal Area
_____ and _____ are two examples of tumor-specific antigens in the altered cell membranes of malignant cells.
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
The two key ways by which cancer is spread are the _____ and the _____.
Lymph and the Blood
About _____ % of all cancers are thought to be related to the environment.
75%
The single most lethal chemical carcinogen, accounting for 30% of all cancer deaths is:
Tobacco Smoking
_____, _____, and _____ are thre dietary substances (cruciferous vegetables) that appear to reduce cancer risk.
Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower
_____, _____, _____, and _____ tend to increase the risk of cancer.
Fats, Alcohol, Salt-cured, Smoked meat
The two most side effects of chemotherapy are:
Nausea and Vomiting
Myelosuppression, caused by chemotherapeutic agents, results in _____, _____, _____, _____, and an increased risk of _____, and _____.
Leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
Infection and Bleeding
Three chemotherapeutic agents that are particularly toxic to the renal system are:
Cisplatin, Methotrexate, Mitramycin
Name two examples of an inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome:
- Breast and ovarian cancer syndrome
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome
List seven cancers that are associated with an increased intake of alcohol:
- Mouth
- Pharnyx
- Larynx
- Esophagus
- Liver
- Colorectum
- Breast
Identify five substances produced by the immune system in response to cancer cells:
- B-lymphocytes
- Lymphokines
- Macrophages
- Natural Killer cells
- T-lymphocytes
Toxicity occurs with radiation therapy. List three SKIN common side effects:
- Alopecia
- Erythema
- Desaquamation
Toxicity occurs with radiation therapy. List four ORAL MUCOSAL MEMBRANE common side effects:
- Xerostamia
- Stomatitis
- Decreased salivation
- Loss of taste
Toxicity occurs with radiation therapy. List three STOMACH or COLON common side effects:
- Anorexia
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Diarrhea
Toxicity occurs with radiation therapy. List three BONE-MARROW PRODUCING SITES common side effects:
- Anemia
- Leukopenia
- Thrombocytopenia
List nine signs that indicate that an exravasation of an infusion of a cancer chemotherapeutic agent has occured:
- Redness
- Pain
- Swelling
- Mottled appearance
- Phlebitis
- Loss of blood return
- Resistance to flow
- Tissue necrosis
- Damage to underlying tendons, nerves and blood vessels
Growth of new capillaries from the host tissue:
Angiogenesis
Innate process of programmed cell death:
Apoptosis
The use of thermal energy to destroy cancer cells:
Radiofrequency Ablation
Point at which blood counts are their lowest:
Nadir
Target antibodies to destroy specific malignant cells:
Monoclonal Antibodies
A substance that can cause tissue necrosis:
Vesicant
A dry oral cavity caused by salivary gland dysfunction:
Xerostomia
Substances produced by the immune system cells to enhance the function of the immune system:
Cytokines
Cisplastin
Side effect: Bone marrow depression
Alkylating agent
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Side effect: Nausea and Vomiting, Diarrhea
Antimetabolite
Estrogens
S/E: masculunization, feminization
Hormonal Agent
Thiotepa
S/E: bone marrow suppression
Alkylating agent
Lomustine (CCNU)
S/E: delayed and cumulative myelosuppression
Nitrosourea
Doxorubicin
S/E: bond marrow suppression
Antitumor Antibiotic
Ifosfamide
S/E: nausea and vomiting, cystitis
Alkylating agent
Methotrexate
S/E: proctitis, stomatitis, renal toxicity
Antimetabolite
Vincristine (VCR)
S/E: neuropathies
Plant alkaloid/mitotic spindle
Irinotecan
S/E: bone marrow suppression
Topoisomerase 1 inhibitors
Asparaginase
S/E: hepatotoxicity
Miscellaneous agent
Cells bear little resemblance to the normal cells of the tissue from which they arose:
Malignant
Rate of growth is usually slow:
Benign
Tumor tissue is encapsulated:
Benign
Tumor spreads by way of blood and lymph channels to ther areas of the body:
Malignant
Growth tends to recur when removed:
Malignant
