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MM: Histology > Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors > Flashcards

Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors Flashcards

1
Q

oncogenes

A

gain of function mutation in protooncogene.

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2
Q

how many copies of oncogene needed?

A

Dominant on molecular level

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3
Q

oncogenes are rarely inherited because

A

distort fetal growth: not compatible with life.

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4
Q

types of genes effected (to become onco)

A

signal transduction pathways, growth factor receptors

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5
Q

RAS

A

mutant in 30% of cancers. GTPase in signal trans. Pathway can become hyperactive to continually signal growth

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6
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

loss of function mutations

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7
Q

how many mutated copies of suppressor needed?

A

two in same cell: recessive molecularly

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8
Q

one mutated copy

A

increased risk for cancer

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9
Q

genes effected by suppressor mutations

A

growth restriction genes, cell cycle check points, DNA repair genes

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10
Q

p53

A

cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis

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11
Q

p53 expressed when

A

DNA is damaged. Pauses mitosis. Allows mismatch repair

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12
Q

p53 allows repair how?

A

activates p21, which blocks phosphorylatoin of RB by cyclinD/CDK4.

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13
Q

DNA repair occurs by

A

MSH2 complex called MMR mismatch repair

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14
Q

p53 also activates cell death via

A

Bax

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15
Q

BAD

A

pro-apoptotic death cell

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16
Q

If BAD is knocked out

A

B-cell tumors!

17
Q

BAD & Epstein-Bar virus

A

Epstein-Bar virus drives B-cell production, causes leukemia in pt. without BAD

18
Q

Rb1

A

cell cycle checkpoint: inherited retinoblastoma

19
Q

BRCA1/2

A

DNA repair: inherited breast cancers. Does not explain sporadic cancers

20
Q

dysplacia

A

ADENOMA. Architecture preserved, subcellular organization is changing

21
Q

hyperplasia

A

CARCINOMA. More pronounced loss of architecture and organization

22
Q

colon cancer mutation sequence

A
  1. loss of APC 2. hyperactive kRAS 3. DCC 4. p53
23
Q

Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis

A

inherited APC mutation

24
Q

APC mutation

A

many small growths

25
Q

HNPCC mutation (DNA repair)

A

adenomas rapidly convert to signle carinomic masses

26
Q

Avastin

A

anti-VEGF (tumor microenvironment inhibitor)

27
Q

Sunitinib

A

binds all VEGFRs and PDGFR KT

28
Q

DLL4 blockade

A

blocks stalk cell formation: useless vessels

29
Q

Herceptin

A

(general oncoprotein inhibitor) Ab, stops Her2/neu receptor dimerization

30
Q

Gleevac

A

(aka STI571: personalized) targets oncogenic kinase in Philadephia chromosome disease (chronic myelogenous leukemia)

31
Q

Gleevac fits

A

BCR-ABL oncogene, and c-Kit receptor for stem cell factor (a growth factor)

32
Q

Gleevac binds

A

ATP binding site within kinases

33
Q

Luminal A&B breast cancer

A

start in the lumen of mammary ducts

34
Q

Basal-like breast cancer

A

cells similar to outer layer of mammary ducts

35
Q

Her2E breast cancer

A

genetic, poor prognosis, early development

MM: Histology (6 decks)

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