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MM: Histology > HistologySSN > Flashcards

HistologySSN Flashcards

1
Q

Na inward gradient drives

A

almost everything

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2
Q

GpI linkage

A

sends proteins to lipid rafts, “float” to apical surface

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3
Q

transcytosis

A

come in BL and leave apical (ex. IgA)

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4
Q

IgA

A

immune cell produced in lamina propria, transported through epithelial cells to lumen

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5
Q

Beta-turn

A

signals AP-1 to take protein to BL surface (BL=Beta)

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6
Q

Beta-turn sequence

A

hydrophobic-X-X-tyrosine

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7
Q

Exocyst

A

docks vesicles at SNARES for membrane fusion

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8
Q

Selective destruction

A

think PIGR with IgA

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9
Q

Flux equation

A

61log(in/out)+q(Vm). q=charge, Vm=delta voltage, in-out

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10
Q

Zonab/CD4

A

the “beta-catenin” of tight junctons

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11
Q

some apical transporters

A

Na/glucose cotrans, Na/AA cotrans, Na/H exchanger(=), Cl channel

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12
Q

some BL transporters

A

K+ channel, Na/K ATPase, Na/bicarb cotrans (=), Na/Cl cotrans (=), Na/K/2Cl cotrans (=), glucose channel

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13
Q

When H+ leaves

A

lose acidity, gain alkalinity

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14
Q

base in the body is always

A

bicarb

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15
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

regularly arranged (tendon, ligament), elastic, cartilage, bone

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16
Q

types of cartilage

A

elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage

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17
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. A precursor of bone.

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18
Q

fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments

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19
Q

elastic cartilage

A

external ear, epiglottis, larynx

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20
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, embryonic, reticular

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21
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

general loose connective tissue, loose irregular fibers arrangement (collagen) with fibroblasts

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22
Q

areolar CT functions

A

hold epithelia in place and provide blood, oxygen and nutrients to it; contain immune cells

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23
Q

areolar CT distribution

A

under epithelia layer

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24
Q

areolar CT notes

A

most widely distributed CT

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25
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

fat for energy storage and temperature regulation. Visceral in men, subcutaneous in women. White or bown.

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26
Q

embryonic connective tissue

A

development. Mesenchyme and mucous, cellular not fibrous

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27
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

lymphoid and hematopoietic, different from reticular fibers

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28
Q

reticular CT functions

A

crosslinked mesh containing cells (immune or hemopoetic)

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29
Q

lipolysis upregulators

A

epi/NORepi, natriuretic peptide

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30
Q

lipolysis downregulator

A

insulin (increases fat storage)

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31
Q

collagen structure

A

rope of 3 alpha helixes, heterotrimeric. 42 possible combos, 40 observed

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32
Q

collagen major AAs

A

proline for rigid structure, glycine (every 3rd) for tight turns

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33
Q

hydroxyproline and hydroylysine

A

posttrans modifications for H bonding. Vitamin C deficiency=scurvy

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34
Q

collagen 1

A

bone

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35
Q

collagen 2

A

cartilage

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36
Q

collagen 3

A

reticular fibers

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37
Q

collagen 4

A

basal lamina in ECM of epithelia

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38
Q

elastin fibers

A

elastin and fibrillin, irregularly arranged, distensible with recoil, artery walls

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39
Q

marfan syndrome

A

fibrillin-1 mutation: long face, fingers, heart trouble (aneurysm, aortic dissection)

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40
Q

aggracan aggregate

A

major part and lubricant of cartilage ground substance

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41
Q

cartilage composition

A

50% fibrous matrix by weight, 50% ground substance

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42
Q

bone composition

A

99.6% fibrous matrix, .4% ground substance

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43
Q

collagen types in cartilage

A

II. Main fibrils, XI. Embedded & nucleating, IX. Prevents further collagen growth.

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44
Q

collagen types in bone

A

I. Main fibrils, V. Embedded & nucleating.

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45
Q

Cartilage lacunaes

A

Isolated, no communication except through ECM

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46
Q

bone lacunaes

A

interconnected through canaliculi, communicate via gap junctions

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47
Q

cartilage development origin

A

mesenchymal, differentiation through Sox TFs

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48
Q

bone development origin

A

mesenchymal, differentiation through Runx, etc, TFs

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49
Q

cartilage formation enviroment

A

low O2, high compressive loading

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50
Q

bone formation enviroment

A

high O2, high tensile loading

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51
Q

appositional growth

A

bone and cartilage, surface directed, out from center

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52
Q

interstitial growth

A

cartilage only, center cells grow, divide and spread

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53
Q

increased bone formation

A

growth hormone, vitamin D, gonadal steroids

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54
Q

decreased bone formation

A

glucocorticoids

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55
Q

increased bone reabsorbtion

A

parathyroid hormone, thyroid hormone, vitamin D, steroids

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56
Q

decreased bone reabsorbtion

A

calcitonin, gonadal steroids

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57
Q

intramembranous bone development

A

bone arises directly from mesenchyme. (flat bones of skull, clavicle)

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58
Q

endochondral bone development

A

cartilage model forms first (all other bones)

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59
Q

woven bone

A

histological term for fetal bone

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60
Q

lamellar bone

A

histological term for regular adult bone

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61
Q

lamellae

A

in both cancellous and compact bone, organize around osteon

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62
Q

osteonal lamellae

A

concentric to vessel/canal

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63
Q

interstital lamellae

A

random remodelled lamellae betwee osteons

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64
Q

osteons run parallel to

A

long axis of bone

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65
Q

RANKL

A

expressed by osteoblasts, interal ligand on cell surface

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66
Q

RANK

A

expressed by osteoclasts, receptor, attracted by RANKL

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67
Q

OPG

A

Sequesters RANK, prevents osteoclast activation

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68
Q

extra RANK

A

during inflammation, causes pathological bone reabsorption

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69
Q

Myosin

A

thick, two heavy chains dimerized as coiled coil, globular head on each end changes conformation with ATP

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70
Q

actin

A

thin, many small components polymerized, contain binding sites for myosin

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71
Q

tropomyosin

A

covers binding sites on actin. Modified by troponin complex

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72
Q

troponin T

A

binds tropomyosin

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73
Q

troponin C

A

binds calcium ions

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74
Q

troponin I

A

binds actin

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75
Q

ATP hydrolysis makes myosin head

A

return to resting conformation

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76
Q

after crossbridging, the power stroke is caused by

A

ATP to ADP

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77
Q

cardiac muscle myofibrils

A

branch, have intercalated discs, gap junctions

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78
Q

cardiac muscle t-tubules

A

are longer and deeper than skeletal muscle

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79
Q

cardiac L-type channels

A

are not physically connected to ryanodine receptors. Calcium induced release.

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80
Q

smooth muscle, multiunit

A

one neuron to one cell

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81
Q

smooth muscle, unitary

A

cells share nerve, connected by gap junctions

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82
Q

smooth muscle t-tubules

A

nope! Small invaginations called caveolae

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83
Q

calcium release in smooth muscles

A

g-protein->PLC->IP3->SR Ca2+

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84
Q

calmodulin

A

instead of tropomyosin in smooth muscle. Activates myosin light chain kinase, which allows crossbridging by phosphorylating myosin light chains, calponin and caldesmon

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85
Q

smooth muscle contraction

A

is flattening and twisting rather than pulling

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86
Q

3 types of neurons

A

monopolar (sensory), bipolar (special sensory), multipolar (everything else)

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87
Q

neuronal cell body

A

nucleus, transcription translation, nissl bodies

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88
Q

nissl bodies

A

free polyribosomes and RER in neuronal cell bodies

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89
Q

axon initial segment

A

where currents sum to action potential, all or nothing

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90
Q

axons

A

carry impulses away from cell bodies. RNA deficient, supported by mylenating cells

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91
Q

dendrites

A

carry impulses toward cell bodies, contain RNA

92
Q

synapses

A

sites of trasmission between cells, usually presynaptic axon to postsynaptic dendrite or soma

93
Q

Tau

A

a MAP, cytoskeletal element of axon

94
Q

MAP2

A

expressed by dendrites

95
Q

Tubulin

A

present in axon and dendrite

96
Q

Actin in neurons

A

concentrated at the tips of processes

97
Q

axonal transport: anterograde

A

mediated by kinesins

98
Q

axonal transport: retrograde

A

mediated by dyneins. Viruses, toxins, retrograde signals.

99
Q

dura

A

dense, fibrous, irregularly arranged connective tissue. Outer layer of meninges

100
Q

arachnoid

A

loose areolar connective tissue, mid layer of meninges.

101
Q

pia mater

A

adherent to CNS parenchyma, carries blood vessels to CNS interior

102
Q

CSF

A

flows between subarachnoid space and ventricular cavities. Drains in arachnoid granulations

103
Q

CSF production

A

75% filteration, 25% secretion

104
Q

CSF filteration

A

in epenymal cells which line ventricles (no TJs, unlike rest of brain capillaries)

105
Q

CSF secretion

A

in special cells of choroid process. Have TJs.

106
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

TJs in brain capillaries attached by astrocyte foot. Astrocytes endocytose unwanted foreign substances.

107
Q

astrocytes contain

A

many intermediate filaments (GFAP). Function as ECM of CNS

108
Q

microglia

A

the brain’s macrophages. Come from bone marrow.

109
Q

receptor potential

A

change in Vm in response to stimulus in receptor cell

110
Q

synaptic potential

A

Vm change in postsynaptic neuron in response to presynaptic input

111
Q

main contributor to resting potential

A

K, through leak channels

112
Q

main determinant of AP

A

Na (Ena is positive)

113
Q

rate limiting step of AP propagation

A

opening channels.

114
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in PNS

115
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate axons in CNS

116
Q

myelin sheath contains

A

little protein, proteolipid protein, MBP, glycoprotein and P0, but mostly lipid

117
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

A

separate myelin membrane

118
Q

electrical synapses

A

through gap jxn (connexons), fast, high synchronicity

119
Q

chemical synapses

A

more common. Use NTs, more delay

120
Q

Ca entry activates

A

SNARE proteins, which signal vesicle fusion

121
Q

synapsin

A

tethers vesicles to actin in reserve pool

122
Q

synaptobrevin

A

v-SNARES (vesicle)

123
Q

syntaxin, SNAP-25

A

t-SNARES (target)

124
Q

synaptotagmin

A

binds Ca, triggers SNARE complex formation

125
Q

botulinum and tentanus toxin

A

cleave SNARES

126
Q

PSPs

A

post-synaptic potentials. Can excite or inhibit Aps

127
Q

low frequency stimulation

A

releases small docked NTs (from endosomes)

128
Q

high frequency stimulation

A

releases large peptide NTs (from trans-golgi network)

129
Q

NTs can activate

A

ionotropic or metabotropic (g-protein coupled) receptors.

130
Q

NMJ

A

neuromuscular junction

131
Q

NMJ endplate

A

cholinergic synapse (with NAChR)

132
Q

NMJ acetyl choline is sythesized by

A

ChAT (cytosolic enzyme)

133
Q

Acetyl Choline

A

generally excitatory, present at NMJ, autonomic synapses

134
Q

Glutamate

A

primary excitatory NT of the CNS

135
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory NT of the CNS

136
Q

Glycine

A

generally inhibitory

137
Q

Serotonin

A

important in sex, mood, GI motility

138
Q

Catecholamines

A

dopamine, epi, NORepi. Sympathetic nervous system, motion control, mental health

139
Q

other NTs

A

endocannabinoids, NO, neuropeptides, ATP, histamine

140
Q

most common WBCs

A

neutrophils (50%), lymphocytes (20-30%)

141
Q

neutrophil description

A

segmented nucleus, neutral granules, terminally differentiated

142
Q

monocyte description

A

no segments in nucleus, no granules. Horseshoe or oval shape, abundant cytoplasm.

143
Q

lymphocyte description

A

round nucleus, blue, size of RBC

144
Q

eosinophil description

A

red, segmented nucleus, granules of “major basic protein,” teminally differentiated

145
Q

basophil description

A

segmented nucleus under blue basophilic granules, contains histimine, heparin. Terminally differntiated, rarest WBC.

146
Q

neutrophil function

A

recruited to inflammation. Phagocytosis, kill bacteria, release granules

147
Q

neutrophil fun facts

A

Pus is neutrophils, bands are immature neutrophils, bacterial infection increases neutrophils to 70-80% of WBCs

148
Q

monocyte function

A

circulating tissue macrophages, recruited to inflammation. Phagocytosis, kill bacteria, antigen presentation

149
Q

monocyte fun facts

A

there are macrophages in all tissues. Normally named after tissue, but Kupffer cell in liver

150
Q

lymphocyte function

A

adaptive immunity (antibodies), response to bacterial/viral infections, autoimmune diseases

151
Q

lymphocyte fun facts

A

two types, T-cell for acquired immunity, B-cell for antibody production

152
Q

eosinophil funtion

A

recruited to sites of inflammation, involved in allergy, parasitic infection

153
Q

eosinophil fun facts

A

involved in asthma, adhere to parasites

154
Q

basophil function

A

circulating form of tissue mast cell, involved in allergy

155
Q

basophil fun fact

A

IgE receptors

156
Q

platelets

A

derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, small granules, involved in clotting

157
Q

serum

A

sitting out, it coagulates, and then you have a scab (no coag factors in liquid)

158
Q

plasma

A

in tube with anticoagulant, contains clotting factors

159
Q

dissolved cmpounds in serum or plasma

A

ions, steroids, lipids, sugars, proteins, vitamins, toxins, drugs; things leaked from cells (PSA, amylas, elastase)

160
Q

HSC

A

hematopoietic stem cell. One could repopulate system.

161
Q

CD34+CD38-Kit+Lin-

A

monocloncal antibodies for this identify HSCs

162
Q

HSC fates

A

random or instructive (erythropoietin, GATA-1)

163
Q

hematopoiesis takes place

A

in extra-embryonic yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow (late fetal stage)

164
Q

hematopoiesis reverts to liver and spleen

A

in acute system stress (infection, acute bleeding, chemotherapy)

165
Q

phases of RBC development

A

proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic, normoblast, reticulocyte, mature RBC

166
Q

aplastic anemia

A

destruction of HSCs by antibodies, medications or chemotherapy. Too few RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

167
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of hematopoietic system, resulting in too many WBCs

168
Q

sickle cell

A

abnormal Hgb (SS) makes sickled RBCs. Adhere to WBCs in small blockages leading to stroke, pain, acute chect syndrome.

169
Q

treat sickle cell with

A

exchange transfusion

170
Q

hemophilia

A

factor VIII deficiency leads to impaired coagulation

171
Q

vasculogenesis

A

de novo tube formation

172
Q

angiogenesis

A

sprouting of new tubes off pre-existing tubes

173
Q

two signals for angiogenesis

A

VEGF & Notch

174
Q

VEGF

A

nonepithelial derived, acts on EC endothelial receptors

175
Q

Notch

A

epithelial derived. Determines tip or stalk

176
Q

EC proteases

A

degrade basement membrane so sprout can migrate toward VEGF signal

177
Q

VEGF promotes

A

migration, proliferation and survival of tip cell Ecs

178
Q

VEGFA

A

binds VEGFR2, induces Notch Dll4 expression, makes cell a tip cell

179
Q

Dll4 exposure

A

Dll4 binds Notch receptor, turns Notch ON, makes cell a stalk cell

180
Q

high expression of D114

A

Tip cell!

181
Q

high expression of Notch receptor

A

Stalk cell!

182
Q

vessel maturation

A

BM is laid down, PDGF from tip cellrecruits pericytes and smooth muscle

183
Q

HIF

A

hypoxia induced factor: promotes VEGF in low O2 enviroment

184
Q

once pericytes arrive

A

VEGF is not needed

185
Q

specialization of vessels

A

pulsatile blood flow makes new cell artery (Notch +). Vein is Notch -

186
Q

lymphatic vessel formation

A

VEGFC and VEGFD act on VEGFR3 (derive from venous EC)

187
Q

retinopathy of prematurity

A

vascular overgrowth 1. high O2 drops VEGF levels 2. new growth stalls 3.now VEGF goes crazy in stalled areas.

188
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

damaged capillaries, low 02, high VEGF, decreased endothelial integrity, fluid leak, retinal detachment

189
Q

lucentis

A

Ab fragment, binds inhibitorily to VEGF. Treats diabetic wet macular edema. Injected into eye

190
Q

avastin

A

Ab , inhibits VEGF-A. Used in cancer treatments

191
Q

immunoglobulins: stem (Fc) denotes

A

isotype (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA)

192
Q

immunoglobulins: variable (Fab)

A

binds antigen

193
Q

IgM

A

starter Ab made by na‹ve B cells, low affinity

194
Q

IgG

A

high affinity, produced by stimulated B cells

195
Q

IgE

A

parasites, allergens

196
Q

IgA

A

mucosal immunity, located in GI and breastmilk (6mo. Newborn immunity)

197
Q

MHC I

A

all cells, present Ag from within cell (viral and cancer)

198
Q

MHC II

A

antigen presenting cells (APC), present Ag from outside cell.
Bacteria, fungi, parasites!

199
Q

naive B-cells arrive

A

in lymph nodes, from bone marrow

200
Q

naive B-cells binding Ag

A

spurs clonal expansion in germinal center (LN), somatic mutation, selection

201
Q

how many B-cells make the cut?

A

1%

202
Q

after selection, b-cells

A

class switch, become secreting plasma cells, or memory B cells

203
Q

CD4+

A

helper T. see Ag in MHC II APCs, stimulates cytotoxic Ts, B-cells and microphages

204
Q

CD8+

A

Cytotoxic T cells, see MCH I Ag, destroy cells

205
Q

How cytoxic T-cells kill

A

caspase cascade or FAS/fas ligand

206
Q

dendritic cells in immunity

A

process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. function as antigen-presenting act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immunity. take Ags to lymph nodes

207
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

production and maturation, bone marrow and thymus

208
Q

bone marrow

A

produce T cell, produce and mature B cells

209
Q

thymus

A

t-cell training camp, has cortex and medulla, no germinal center, no afferent lymphatics

210
Q

medulla is pale because

A

98% of T cells in cortex don?t make it to medulla. Medulla T cells recognize MHC but not self

211
Q

epithelial reticular cells

A

stop blood from messing with maturation of T cells

212
Q

hassall’s corpuscles

A

structures found in the medulla of the thymus, formed from eosinophilic epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically

213
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

immune response. Lymph node, spleen and MALT

214
Q

lymph node

A

filters Ag in lymph, has cortex and medulla, germinal centers, afferent lymphatics

215
Q

afferent lymphatic brings lymph into

A

cortex (subscapular sinus)

216
Q

lymphocytes in lymph node arrive via

A

HEV: high endothelial venule

217
Q

immune response mounts in

A

germinal center

218
Q

B-cells become

A

plasma cells (secrete, have clock-face nucleus), and memory cells

219
Q

Spleen

A

filters Ag in blood, old RBCs, no cortex or medulla, germinal centers DO form

220
Q

white pulp

A

in spleen, blood delivered via trabecular artery

221
Q

Spleen: Ag meets T-cells in

A

PALS: periartereoral lymphatic sheaths in periperal white pulp

222
Q

red pulp

A

after white pulp, site of RBC filteration

223
Q

RBCs live

A

120 days

224
Q

MALT located

A

in GI tract, breast, skin, tonsils

225
Q

MALT function

A

losts of B&T cells, sample lymph and have pale germinal centers

MM: Histology (6 decks)

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