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MM: Histology > Histology 2 > Flashcards

Histology 2 Flashcards

0
Q

arachnoid matter

A

loose areolar connective tissue

lubricated with cranial spinal fluid

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1
Q

dura mater

A

outer cord coat
adherent to bone
dense fibrous irregularly arranged connective tissue

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2
Q

arachnoid grnaulation

A

buds out of arachnoid matter and reaches spaces in the dura.

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3
Q

pia mater

A

inner coat at brain interface

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4
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid, produced by ependymal epithelial cells or brain ventricles

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5
Q

ependymal cells

A

few tight junctions fluid pressure drives CSF to brain across arachnoid grnaulations

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6
Q

CSF from brain ventricles

A

Through tight junctions, fluid made by capillary filtration

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7
Q

connective tissue in brain

A

there isn’t any! just astrocytes (star shaped glial cells)

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8
Q

nissl bodies

A

granulars of RER with rosettes of free ribosomes found in cell bodies of neurons. (some in dendrites)
stains blue.

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9
Q

axons don’t contain

A

ribosomes, much ER or RNA

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10
Q

transport from body to axon

A

microtubules and kynesin (toward +)

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11
Q

transport from axon to body

A

microtubules and dynein (toward -)

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12
Q

Tau

A

links MT bundles in axon

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13
Q

Map 2

A

links MT bundles in dendrites

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14
Q

tubulin type in neurons

A

beta 3 tubulin

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15
Q

initial segment

A

axon region closes to cell body: where APs start

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16
Q

glial fibrillary acid protein

A

composes IF filaments in astrocytes

tensile strength

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17
Q

collagen in brain

A

there isn’t any!

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18
Q

microglia

A

main CNS immune system

macrophages from bone marrow

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19
Q

oligodendroglia

A

cells that insulate axons in the brain.

each can insulate more than one

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20
Q

schwann cells

A

mylinate axons. each cell can insulate just one axon

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21
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

open spaces in axon between mylination. where Ca channels open to perpetuate an AP

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22
Q

SAME DAVE

A

sensory afferent, motor efferent
dorsal afferent, ventral efferent

(therefore: sensory dorsal, motor ventral)

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23
Q

latency period due to

A

Na channel inactivation, K channels open

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24
Q

hyperpolarization

A

due to open voltage-gated K channels

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25
Q

proteolipid protein

A

holds together layers of the myelin sheath. very hydrophobic

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26
Q

schmidt-lanterman lines

A

small amounts of schwann cell cytoplasm

subdivide myelinated axon into irregular portions

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27
Q

electrical gap junctions

A

made of connexons, no synaptic delay.

e.g: brainstem neurons that control breathing

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28
Q

fusion of synaptic vesicles signaled by

A

Ca current signaled by AP

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29
Q

small molecule transmitters are made

A

in synaptic terminal

40-60 nm

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30
Q

peptide vesicles are made

A

in the golgi (cell body)

120-250 nm

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31
Q

synapsin

A

tethers vesicles to actin near active site

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32
Q

Ca triggers fusion how?

A

Ca-Calmodulin activates v-snares to interact w/ syntaxin

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33
Q

synaptobrevin

A

type of v-snare in synapse. interact w/syntaxin

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34
Q

acetyl choline is made

A

in the bouton! (end of axon)

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35
Q

vesicles are recycled by

A

clathrin coat and dynamin pinch-off

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36
Q

botulism toxin

A

a protease, cleaves snare proteins, inhibits vesicle fusion

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37
Q

acetyl choline esterase

A

degrades released Ach in the synapse

38
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

ligand gated, nicotinic achR, fast

39
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

g-protein coupled, muscarinic AchR

MAP kinase to other ion channels, slow

40
Q

motor unit

A

nerve and the muscle it innervates

41
Q

muscle pool

A

many motor neurons innervating many muscle fibers

42
Q

cholinergic

A

activated by Ach

43
Q

RBCs

A

terminally differentiated
have hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenate, K+
deliver O2, remove CO2
8 microns

44
Q

RBCs have no

A

nucleus, ER, golgi, mitochondria, protein synthesis

45
Q

WBC types

A 
neutrophil  (poly, seg or PMN)
monocytes
lymphocytes
eosinophils
basophils
platelets
46
Q

neutrophil appearance

A

multilobed nuclei, neutral stains. 50% of all WBCs

47
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytosis, granule release, PUS!

respond to gram +/- bacteria, dead tissue

48
Q

monocytes look like:

A

nonsegmented, horseshoe or oval nucleus, not grainy.

5-9% of WBCs

49
Q

monocytes are:

A

macrophage precursors (e.g. Kupffer cells in liver). As macrophages, they eat parasites and foreign RBCs

50
Q

lymphocytes have:

A

a big round nucleus, little cytoplasm.

20-30% of WBCs

51
Q

lymphocytes do:

A

aquired immunity, viral and bacterial infections.
Ts: reg, cytotoxic, helper
Bs: antibody production after antigen presentation

52
Q

autoimmune thyroidosis

A

one example of lymphocytes infiltrating organs

53
Q

eosinoophils have:

A

segmented nuclei, RED granules. Are terminally differentiated

54
Q

eosinophils do:

A 
recruit to inflammation sites.
parasitic infection (eg, river blindness) or allergic response.
55
Q

basophils look like this:

A

purple, grainy, hard to determine nucleus.

56
Q

basophils do this:

A

contain heparin, histidine.
turned on by IgE receptors bound to allergens.
become mast cells and release histidine

57
Q

platelets

A

derive from megakaryocytes. squeezed off by induced actin fibers.

58
Q

WAS-Arp2/3

A

induced actin to squeeze platelets off megakaryocytes.

59
Q

blood serum

A

NO coagulation factors. after blood coagulated in tube, serum is left on top.

60
Q

blood plasma

A

has coagulation factors, and fibrin, and fibronogen

61
Q

coagulation factors

A

12 factors, will be activated by Ca++

62
Q

consumptive coagulopathy

A

overactive coagulation pathways.

corrected by tranfusion (?)

63
Q

coagulation factors regulated

A 
thrombosis (clotting)
and fibrinolysis (unclotting)
64
Q

stable useful clotting requires

A

platelet activation

and coagulation cascade

65
Q

coagulation cascade

7 steps

A 
breach of epithelia
factor VIII
prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
clot
66
Q

clot is broken down by

A

plasmin

67
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator, activates plasmin to break down clots

68
Q

hemophilia locus

A

factor VIII

69
Q

therapeutic heparin infusion activates

A

antiprothrombin III

70
Q

albumin carries

A

drugs, water to give volume to vascular structures

71
Q

lipoproteins carry

A

cholesterol

72
Q

transferrin carries

A

iron

73
Q

ceruloplasmin carries

A

carries copper in the blood, plays a role in iron metabolism

74
Q

cytokines carry

A

short distance hormones

75
Q

haptoglobin carries

A

leaked hemoglobin (to prevent it from oxidating)

76
Q

hemoplexin carries

A

leaked heme

77
Q

hemoglobin carries

A

O2, CO2

78
Q

vWF

A

von Willebrand factor. clotting component made by endothelial cells (most others made in liver)

79
Q

cell leak and disease (3)

A

PSA: prostate specific antibody, in prostate cancer
amylase in pancreatitis
troponin in heart attack

80
Q

blood cell renewal and proliferation

A

from pluripotent stem cells

first differentiate as myeloid or lymphoid.

81
Q

leukemia

A

overproliferation of blood stem cells

82
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of stem cells to proliferate

killed by antibodies, meds, chemotherapy

83
Q

blood stem cells isolated by

A

fluorescence activated cell sorting

84
Q

CD34+CD38-Kit+Lin-

A

stem cell markers
CDs are antibodies,
Kit is receptor for stem cell factor
Lin- means not yet differentiated

85
Q

erythropoetin hormone

A

activates TFs (GATA1) to cue blood stem cell differentiation

86
Q

where does hematopoesis happen?

A

yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow.

can revert to liver and spleen in blood system emergency

87
Q

RBC lineage (9)

SBCPBPNRM

A 
stem cell
burst-forming unit erythroid
colony-forming unit erythroid
proerythroblast
basophilic erythroblast
polychromatophilic 
normalblast
reticulocyte
mature RBC!
88
Q

colony forming unit erythroid expresses

A

GATA1 and EpoR

89
Q

proerythrocyte expresses

A

transferrin receptor
heme and globin synthesis
aquaporin transporters
glycoporin A

90
Q

normoblast is:

A

reddish

last phase before nucleus is removed

91
Q

RBC organelles go where?

A

they get eaten! autophagy.

92
Q

niches

A

macrophages surrounded by RBC progenitors. macrophage destroys nucleus, supplies iro-transferrin.

93
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hemoglobin mutation makes sickled RBCs
clump with WBCs + activate inflammation response
need sickle RBCs under 30% to prevent
stroke, acute chest syndrome(clumps in lungs), pain crisis

MM: Histology (6 decks)

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