Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMOD-Block 2 Path > Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes > Flashcards

Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Flashcards

1
Q

What genes are responsible for sensing genomic damage?

A

Guardian Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of Most cancers are due to identifiable cancer susceptibility genes?

A

5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes most malignacies?

A

Mutations in:

  • Tumor Suppressor Genes
  • Oncogenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common inherited breast cancer tumor suppressor gene mutation?

A

BRCA1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cancer is often accerated by a c-Kit mutation?

- is c-kit an ocogene or tumor suppressor?

A

Gastrointesinal Stromal Tumor

c-Kit = Oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mutations in EGFR and ALK are implicated in causing a small percentage of what types of cancers?

A

Lung Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T or F: it only takes 1 mutation for a cell to overcome the body’s boundaries for cell growth.

A

False, it usually take multiple mutations before a cancer can really proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does genomic medicine help us treat cancer more effectively?

A

Allows for more targeted Therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What targets are often the most important for people with breast and prostate cancers?

A

Hormone Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What tends to be the ultimate outcome in which targeted therapies are used?

A

Inevitably cancer cells without the target exist and will not be killed, these cells will proliferate and the cancer will continue with the previous therapy no longer being effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene, which typically is responsible for suppression of cell growth and which is often responsible for promoting cell growth?

A

Promotion of Cell Growth:
- Proto-oncogenes

Suppression of Cell Growth:
- Tumor Suppressor Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which BRCA mutation is most common in:

  • Ashkenazi Jews
  • African Americans
A

A. Jews:
- BRCA 2

AA’s:
- BRCA 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

You see an young Asian women, who is a non-smoker with lung cancer. What genetic mutation may have caused this?

  • how would this guide you treatment?
  • What drug would you use?
A

EGFR mutations is a common cause of lung cancer for this demographic

  • You would want to use a EGFR inhibiting drug
  • Erlotinib (Tarceva) = Drug of Choice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Between a never smoker and a smoker with lung cancer, which would you suspect to have an EGFR mutation causing there cancer?

A

Mutation Present in:
5% - smokers
15% - non-smokers
50% - NEVER SMOKERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Like EGFR mutations, what other mutation causes a higher rate of cancer in never smoker, Asian Females?
- what drug would you use to treat this?

A

EML4-ALK

Crizotinib (Xalkori) would be used to treat this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 main causes of tonsil cancer?

A
  • Tobacco

- HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Cetuximab (Erbitux) used to treat?

- What does it act on?

A
  • Often used in Head and Neck Cancers

- mAb that prevents EGF or TGF-alpha from binding to the EGFR tyrosine kinase receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the most common neoplasms in the brain?

  • what are they derived from?
  • What signaling molecule do many of these use to grow?
  • how are many of them treated?
  • how does this drug work?
A

Gliomas = most common brain neoplasms

  • Derived from Glial Cells (supporting framework of neurons)
  • VEGF-A = important in glioma growth
  • Bevacizumab (Avastin) - mAb that intercepts VEGF-A and sequesters it, preventing it from reaching the receptor
19
Q

Renal cancer regresses and comes back?

- where do you suspect it may have come back to?

A

Probably came back to the lungs

20
Q

What would someone with renal cancer present with anemia?

A

Anemia is caused with no EPO is secreted by the kidneys

21
Q

What drug is often used to treat VEGF driven renal cancers?

- how does it work?

A

Sunitinib (sutent)

- Often used to treat renal cancer and works by inhibiting the VEFR tyrosine kinase receptor

22
Q

T or F: in hormone sensitive breast cancer, more than 50% or recurrences occur after 5 years

A

True

23
Q

What drug is often used for estrogen sensitive breast cancers?

A

Tamoxifen

24
Q

Why would you give Everolimus (Afinitor) in addition to Tamoxifen for breast cancer where hormone therapy has failed?

A

Everolimus works downstream from Tamoxifen in the same pathway

25
Q

What drug would you use to treat Her-2 positive breast cancer?

A

Trastuzumab

26
Q

What drug is like trastuzumab, but has a chemo drug attached to it?

A

TDM-1

27
Q

T or F: low grade prostate cancer is unlikely to lead to death in less than ten years

A

True, if someone has a life expectancy of less than 10 more years then we don’t even check for it

28
Q

What therapy is typically used for prostate cancer?

A
  • Enzalutamide (Zytiga)

- Castration (Europe)

29
Q

What effect does BRAF have on the Apoptotic pathway?

  • what drug work to inhibit BRAF (V600E) ?
  • What kind of cancers often have BRAF mutations?
A
  • Causes increased translation of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL preventing cell apoptosis
  • Vemurafenib (Zelboraf)
  • BRAF mutations are often seen in Melanomas
30
Q

After Chemotherapy failure, what drugs are good at treating lymphomas?
- What do they act on?

A

Idelalisib - acts on PI3K

Ibrutinib - acts on Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase

31
Q

In what cancer type do you often want to block the inappropriately reactivated sonic hedgehog system?
- what drug works to do this?

A

Basal Cell Cancers

Vismodegib (Erivedge)

32
Q

What disorder is caused by loss of p53?

A

Li Fraumeni

33
Q

What protein do BRCA1/2 work with?

- what kind of proteins are these?

A

RAD51

*These repair broken DNA

34
Q

What gene is linked to gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)?
- what does it do?

A

C-Kit - Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

RTK that activates:
• RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK
• PI3K/AKT/mTOR

35
Q

If someone who has never smoked presents with lung cancer and they are asian?

  • what gene mutation is most likely responsible?
  • Cancer type?
  • How would you treat with targeted therapy?
A

EGFR mutations are present it 50% of never smokers with lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma of Lung

**Erlotinib would be used to treat

36
Q

If some who has never smoked presents with lung cancer and tests negative for expression of EGFR what other genetic mutation would you expect?

  • Cancer type?
  • How would you treat with targeted therapy?
A

EML4-ALK gene mutation

Adenocarcinoma of Lung

**Crizotinib would be used to treat

37
Q

Patient presents with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsils.

  • what mutation might you suspect?
  • how would you treat?
A

EGFR mutation would be suspected

Cetuximab would be the preferred treatment

38
Q

Compare and contrast the action of Cetuximab and Erlotinib.

A

Cetuximab Binds EGF or TGF-alpha and prevents it from binding the EGFR receptor

Erlotinib bind the EGF receptor

39
Q

How does the WHO grad brain cancers?

- which are considered to be malignant and which were benign?

A

Graded 1-4.

Grades 1 and 2 are benign

Grades 3 and 4 are malignant

40
Q

Suppose you are diagnosed with glioblastoma, what targeted therapy is likely to be used in your treatment?

  • what does this drug target?
  • what will you be looking for on x-ray?
A

Bevacizumab

  • Targets VEGF itself (NOT THE RECEPTOR)
  • Look for Ring Enhancing Lesion on X-ray
41
Q

When else might you use a drug targeting the VEGF pathway besides glioblastoma?

  • what drug would you use?
  • what would your target be?
A
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma

- Sunitinib targets the VEGF inhibitor

42
Q

What hormone receptors are often responsible for tumor growth?
- what drugs do we have to inhibit these?

A

Estrogen Receptor
- inhibited by Tamoxifen

Testosterone Receptor
- Eznalutamide

43
Q

If a estrogen responsive tumor continues to progress after the administration of tamoxifen, what might you assume about the tumor?
- what drug could you try now?

A

A mutation has probably happens further down the like of the:

Estrogen Recep./PI3K/AKT/mTOR path

You can use Everolimus to treat

44
Q

What cancer arises often by mutations in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway?
- What drug is given in this case?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Vismodegib is given

CMOD-Block 2 Path (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions