Environment Cards (Gupta) Flashcards
Chikungunya
- Found where?
- Symptoms
- Vector
- mortality?
Where:
- Can be found pretty much everywhere now days
Symptoms:
- Fever and Joint pain
- Headache
- Rash
Vector:
- Mosquitos
**Not usually fatal but it is dibilitating
If someone dies of carbon monoxide poisoning, what will be some physicial Characterisitics?
- Lab Values?
Physical:
- They will appear Bright Red
Lab Values:
- Carboxyhemoglobin will be in the blood from the CO binding so tightly to hemoglobin
What morphologic defects will be present in an H and E stain of Bladder Cancer?
Transitional Epithelium:
- Normally is 2-3 layers
- Cancer will have Tons of DYSMORPHIC layers that appear squamous
Basement membrane:
- Normally its well defined
- Bladder Cancer its completely absent
What are the features of a emphysematous lung?
- How does the location of these features alter the probably etiology of this condition?
Emphysematous Lung:
- Tons of Holes
2 Principle causes of Emphysema:
- Smoking - Alveoli destruction in the Lung Apex
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin - Alveoli destruction at the Base of the lung
What 3 primary cell types are involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema?
- what do each of them do?
- Inflammatory Cells - Secrete Cytokines and Proteases (ELASTASE) that indirectly and directly lead to ECM destruction
- Epithelial cells - undergo apoptosis and necrosis
- Mesenchymal Cells - Undergo apoptosis and undergo decreased contraction and decreased matrix synthesis
What are the most common cancers (other than lung cancer) caused by smoking?
- Oral Cavity
- Esophagus
- Pancreas
- Bladder
T or F: using tobacco in combination with alcohol has additive adverse affects on health
FALSE, the adverse effects are MULTIPLICATIVE
What process underlies the link between smoking and Athlerosclerosis?
- what substance ultimately is responsible for seeding the atherlerosclerotic plaque?
- INFLAMMATION is KEY
- Collagen Synthesis
What events are people with athlerosclerotic Plaque more likely to experience?
- Myocardial Infarction
- Cerebrovascular Accident
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy?
- Abortion
- Premature Birth
- Intrauterine Growth Retardation
What is Levamisole?
- what is it commonly used for?
Levamisole - antifungal drug used to cut CO`CAINE
Abrasion
- How does it usually happen?
- Skin layers invovled?
- Scraping the Skin against a surface
- Epidermal Layer Typically Removed
Contusion
- Typical cause?
Wound Produced by Blunt Trauma
T or F: Contusions involve the EXTRAVASATION of blood into tissues
True
Differentiate a laceration from an incised wound.
- state defining characteristics
Laceration:
- caused by BLUNT object
- tissue BRIDGES are seen**
- jagged edges
Incised wound:
- Sharp object - clean cut
Differentiate a puncture wound from a penetrating wound.
- state defining characteristics
Puncture:
- Long Sharp, Narrow Instrument
Penetrating:
- Instrument Passes through all tissue to also create an EXIT wound
What 4 factors is the severity of Thermal Injury most dependent on?
- Depth
- Percentage of Body Involved
- Fume inhalation
- Promptness and Efficacy of Therapy
What body percentage can be burned without there being a high chance of mortality?
20%
What are the most important therapies that must be provided to burn patients?
- Fluid and Electrolyte Managment
2. Prevention and Control of Wound Infections
Other than dehydration why is fluid management so important to a burn patient?
- They will lose blood volume (potentially hypovolemic shock?)
What are some characteristics of Full-Thickness Burns?
- appearance
- sensation
Appearance:
- White
Sensation:
- NONE - dermis containing nerve endings has been removed
What are some characteristics of Partial-Thickness Burns?
- appearance
- sensation
Appearance:
- Red
- Blistered (transudate)
Sensation:
- Super Painful
What are the 2 main injuries that result from electrical injury?
- Burns
2. Ventricular Fibrillation or Cardiac and Respiratory Failur (all do to distruption of normal electrical pulses)
T or F: the external appearance of electrical wounds often is more severe than the internal injuries they cause.
False, people small external injuries often still have massive internal burns etc.
