Environment Cards (Gupta) Flashcards
Chikungunya
- Found where?
- Symptoms
- Vector
- mortality?
Where:
- Can be found pretty much everywhere now days
Symptoms:
- Fever and Joint pain
- Headache
- Rash
Vector:
- Mosquitos
**Not usually fatal but it is dibilitating
If someone dies of carbon monoxide poisoning, what will be some physicial Characterisitics?
- Lab Values?
Physical:
- They will appear Bright Red
Lab Values:
- Carboxyhemoglobin will be in the blood from the CO binding so tightly to hemoglobin
What morphologic defects will be present in an H and E stain of Bladder Cancer?
Transitional Epithelium:
- Normally is 2-3 layers
- Cancer will have Tons of DYSMORPHIC layers that appear squamous
Basement membrane:
- Normally its well defined
- Bladder Cancer its completely absent
What are the features of a emphysematous lung?
- How does the location of these features alter the probably etiology of this condition?
Emphysematous Lung:
- Tons of Holes
2 Principle causes of Emphysema:
- Smoking - Alveoli destruction in the Lung Apex
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin - Alveoli destruction at the Base of the lung
What 3 primary cell types are involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema?
- what do each of them do?
- Inflammatory Cells - Secrete Cytokines and Proteases (ELASTASE) that indirectly and directly lead to ECM destruction
- Epithelial cells - undergo apoptosis and necrosis
- Mesenchymal Cells - Undergo apoptosis and undergo decreased contraction and decreased matrix synthesis
What are the most common cancers (other than lung cancer) caused by smoking?
- Oral Cavity
- Esophagus
- Pancreas
- Bladder
T or F: using tobacco in combination with alcohol has additive adverse affects on health
FALSE, the adverse effects are MULTIPLICATIVE
What process underlies the link between smoking and Athlerosclerosis?
- what substance ultimately is responsible for seeding the atherlerosclerotic plaque?
- INFLAMMATION is KEY
- Collagen Synthesis
What events are people with athlerosclerotic Plaque more likely to experience?
- Myocardial Infarction
- Cerebrovascular Accident
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy?
- Abortion
- Premature Birth
- Intrauterine Growth Retardation
What is Levamisole?
- what is it commonly used for?
Levamisole - antifungal drug used to cut CO`CAINE
Abrasion
- How does it usually happen?
- Skin layers invovled?
- Scraping the Skin against a surface
- Epidermal Layer Typically Removed
Contusion
- Typical cause?
Wound Produced by Blunt Trauma
T or F: Contusions involve the EXTRAVASATION of blood into tissues
True
Differentiate a laceration from an incised wound.
- state defining characteristics
Laceration:
- caused by BLUNT object
- tissue BRIDGES are seen**
- jagged edges
Incised wound:
- Sharp object - clean cut
Differentiate a puncture wound from a penetrating wound.
- state defining characteristics
Puncture:
- Long Sharp, Narrow Instrument
Penetrating:
- Instrument Passes through all tissue to also create an EXIT wound
What 4 factors is the severity of Thermal Injury most dependent on?
- Depth
- Percentage of Body Involved
- Fume inhalation
- Promptness and Efficacy of Therapy
What body percentage can be burned without there being a high chance of mortality?
20%
What are the most important therapies that must be provided to burn patients?
- Fluid and Electrolyte Managment
2. Prevention and Control of Wound Infections
Other than dehydration why is fluid management so important to a burn patient?
- They will lose blood volume (potentially hypovolemic shock?)
What are some characteristics of Full-Thickness Burns?
- appearance
- sensation
Appearance:
- White
Sensation:
- NONE - dermis containing nerve endings has been removed
What are some characteristics of Partial-Thickness Burns?
- appearance
- sensation
Appearance:
- Red
- Blistered (transudate)
Sensation:
- Super Painful
What are the 2 main injuries that result from electrical injury?
- Burns
2. Ventricular Fibrillation or Cardiac and Respiratory Failur (all do to distruption of normal electrical pulses)
T or F: the external appearance of electrical wounds often is more severe than the internal injuries they cause.
False, people small external injuries often still have massive internal burns etc.
What are the 2 ways that radiation works to damage DNA?
Indirect Effect:
- Ionization forms Free Radicals that react to damage DNA
Direct Effect:
- Radiation Directly Ionizes DNA
What types of tissues are most sensitive to Radiation?
- examples?
Rapidly Dividing Tissues (high turnover rate)
- G.I tract
- Hematopoeitic Cells
- Gonads
A patient who survived breast cancer 5 years ago comes back in with thyroid cancer, ruling out metastasis, what is the likely cause?
Radiation Treatment for Breast Cancer likely lead to DNA damage in Thyroid Cells causes Oncogenesis
What cancer often develope if the initial radiation dose is not deadly?
- Leukemia
- Thryoid Cancer
- Breast Cancer
What kind of cancer often develops after Receiving High Dose radiation?
- how does it present?
Angiosarcoma
Presentation:
- Spindled Lesions on Blood Vessels
**Why might large tumors with necrotic centers be particularly desensitized to radiation?
- Principle Mechanism of Radiation causing injury is by generation of ROS
- Hypoxic Tissues near the center will lack oxygen and the extent of ROS generation will be Reduced
What kind changes will you see in cells that have undergone radiation changes?
- Changes in Chromosomes
- Cytoplasmic Swelling –> Mitochondrial Distortion + Degeneration of the ER
- Nuclear Swelling
- Apoptosis
- Plasma Membrane defects
What are the 3 most common diseases related to smoking and what main cells/processes are cause each of the disease states?
Emphysema:
- Increased Leukocyte Presence and Elastase Secretion
Chronic Bronchitis:
- Increase mucus secretion from bronchus (increased gland size)
Lung cancer:
- Caused by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Nitrosamines
