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CMOD-Block 2 Path > Environment Cards (Gupta) > Flashcards

Environment Cards (Gupta) Flashcards

1
Q

Chikungunya

  • Found where?
  • Symptoms
  • Vector
  • mortality?
A

Where:
- Can be found pretty much everywhere now days

Symptoms:

  • Fever and Joint pain
  • Headache
  • Rash

Vector:
- Mosquitos

**Not usually fatal but it is dibilitating

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2
Q

If someone dies of carbon monoxide poisoning, what will be some physicial Characterisitics?
- Lab Values?

A

Physical:
- They will appear Bright Red

Lab Values:
- Carboxyhemoglobin will be in the blood from the CO binding so tightly to hemoglobin

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3
Q

What morphologic defects will be present in an H and E stain of Bladder Cancer?

A

Transitional Epithelium:

  • Normally is 2-3 layers
  • Cancer will have Tons of DYSMORPHIC layers that appear squamous

Basement membrane:

  • Normally its well defined
  • Bladder Cancer its completely absent
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4
Q

What are the features of a emphysematous lung?

- How does the location of these features alter the probably etiology of this condition?

A

Emphysematous Lung:
- Tons of Holes

2 Principle causes of Emphysema:

  • Smoking - Alveoli destruction in the Lung Apex
  • Alpha-1 Antitrypsin - Alveoli destruction at the Base of the lung
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5
Q

What 3 primary cell types are involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema?
- what do each of them do?

A
  1. Inflammatory Cells - Secrete Cytokines and Proteases (ELASTASE) that indirectly and directly lead to ECM destruction
  2. Epithelial cells - undergo apoptosis and necrosis
  3. Mesenchymal Cells - Undergo apoptosis and undergo decreased contraction and decreased matrix synthesis
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6
Q

What are the most common cancers (other than lung cancer) caused by smoking?

A
  • Oral Cavity
  • Esophagus
  • Pancreas
  • Bladder
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7
Q

T or F: using tobacco in combination with alcohol has additive adverse affects on health

A

FALSE, the adverse effects are MULTIPLICATIVE

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8
Q

What process underlies the link between smoking and Athlerosclerosis?
- what substance ultimately is responsible for seeding the atherlerosclerotic plaque?

A
  • INFLAMMATION is KEY

- Collagen Synthesis

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9
Q

What events are people with athlerosclerotic Plaque more likely to experience?

A
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Cerebrovascular Accident
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease
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10
Q

What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy?

A
  • Abortion
  • Premature Birth
  • Intrauterine Growth Retardation
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11
Q

What is Levamisole?

- what is it commonly used for?

A

Levamisole - antifungal drug used to cut CO`CAINE

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12
Q

Abrasion

  • How does it usually happen?
  • Skin layers invovled?
A
  • Scraping the Skin against a surface

- Epidermal Layer Typically Removed

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13
Q

Contusion

- Typical cause?

A

Wound Produced by Blunt Trauma

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14
Q

T or F: Contusions involve the EXTRAVASATION of blood into tissues

A

True

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15
Q

Differentiate a laceration from an incised wound.

- state defining characteristics

A

Laceration:

  • caused by BLUNT object
  • tissue BRIDGES are seen**
  • jagged edges

Incised wound:
- Sharp object - clean cut

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16
Q

Differentiate a puncture wound from a penetrating wound.

- state defining characteristics

A

Puncture:
- Long Sharp, Narrow Instrument

Penetrating:
- Instrument Passes through all tissue to also create an EXIT wound

17
Q

What 4 factors is the severity of Thermal Injury most dependent on?

A
  1. Depth
  2. Percentage of Body Involved
  3. Fume inhalation
  4. Promptness and Efficacy of Therapy
18
Q

What body percentage can be burned without there being a high chance of mortality?

A

20%

19
Q

What are the most important therapies that must be provided to burn patients?

A
  1. Fluid and Electrolyte Managment

2. Prevention and Control of Wound Infections

20
Q

Other than dehydration why is fluid management so important to a burn patient?

A
  • They will lose blood volume (potentially hypovolemic shock?)
21
Q

What are some characteristics of Full-Thickness Burns?

  • appearance
  • sensation
A

Appearance:
- White

Sensation:
- NONE - dermis containing nerve endings has been removed

22
Q

What are some characteristics of Partial-Thickness Burns?

  • appearance
  • sensation
A

Appearance:

  • Red
  • Blistered (transudate)

Sensation:
- Super Painful

23
Q

What are the 2 main injuries that result from electrical injury?

A
  1. Burns

2. Ventricular Fibrillation or Cardiac and Respiratory Failur (all do to distruption of normal electrical pulses)

24
Q

T or F: the external appearance of electrical wounds often is more severe than the internal injuries they cause.

A

False, people small external injuries often still have massive internal burns etc.

25
Q

What are the 2 ways that radiation works to damage DNA?

A

Indirect Effect:
- Ionization forms Free Radicals that react to damage DNA

Direct Effect:
- Radiation Directly Ionizes DNA

26
Q

What types of tissues are most sensitive to Radiation?

- examples?

A

Rapidly Dividing Tissues (high turnover rate)

  • G.I tract
  • Hematopoeitic Cells
  • Gonads
27
Q

A patient who survived breast cancer 5 years ago comes back in with thyroid cancer, ruling out metastasis, what is the likely cause?

A

Radiation Treatment for Breast Cancer likely lead to DNA damage in Thyroid Cells causes Oncogenesis

28
Q

What cancer often develope if the initial radiation dose is not deadly?

A
  • Leukemia
  • Thryoid Cancer
  • Breast Cancer
29
Q

What kind of cancer often develops after Receiving High Dose radiation?
- how does it present?

A

Angiosarcoma

Presentation:
- Spindled Lesions on Blood Vessels

30
Q

**Why might large tumors with necrotic centers be particularly desensitized to radiation?

A
  1. Principle Mechanism of Radiation causing injury is by generation of ROS
  2. Hypoxic Tissues near the center will lack oxygen and the extent of ROS generation will be Reduced
31
Q

What kind changes will you see in cells that have undergone radiation changes?

A
  1. Changes in Chromosomes
  2. Cytoplasmic Swelling –> Mitochondrial Distortion + Degeneration of the ER
  3. Nuclear Swelling
  4. Apoptosis
  5. Plasma Membrane defects
32
Q

What are the 3 most common diseases related to smoking and what main cells/processes are cause each of the disease states?

A

Emphysema:
- Increased Leukocyte Presence and Elastase Secretion

Chronic Bronchitis:
- Increase mucus secretion from bronchus (increased gland size)

Lung cancer:
- Caused by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Nitrosamines

CMOD-Block 2 Path (22 decks)

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