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CMOD-Block 2 Path > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 most common cancers in men?

A
  1. Prostate (28%)
  2. Lung and Bronchus (15%)
  3. Colon and Rectum (9%)
  4. Urinary Bladder (7%)
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2
Q

What are the 4 most common cancers in women?

A
  1. Breast (28%)
  2. Lung and Bronchus (14%)
  3. Colon and Rectum (10%)
  4. Uterine Corpus (6%)
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3
Q

What are the 4 most deadly cancers in men?

A
  1. LUNG AND BRONCHUS (29%)
  2. Prostate (11%)
  3. Colon and Rectum (9%)
  4. Pancreas (6%)
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4
Q

What are the 4 most deadly cancers in women?

A
  1. LUNG AND BRONCHUS (26%)
  2. Breast (15%)
  3. Colon and Rectum (9%)
  4. Pancreas (7%)
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5
Q

What can be said about the clonality of a Benign vs. a Malignant tumor?

A

Monoclonal Tumors = Malignant or Benign

  • Neoplasia by definition is monoclonal
  • Originated from a single cell line
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6
Q

Differentiate the Gross morphologic Characteristics of a Benign vs. Malignant tumor.

  • growth
  • shape
  • edges
  • location
A

Benign:

  • SLOW growth
  • Well circumscribed Regularly Shaped
  • Defined edges
  • NO INVASIVE EDGES - VERY important
  • NO METASTASIS - Very important

Malignant:
- The opposite, its fast growing (once its detected), CRAB shaped, INVASIVE edges and METASTASIS possible

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7
Q

What two tissue components make up tumors whether they are malignant or benign?

A

Parenchyma:

  • Functional Tissue of the Organ
  • THESE ARE THE NEOPLASTIC CELLS

Stroma:
- Connective Tissue, Blood Vessels, and Host-derived Inflammatory Cells.

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8
Q

What Key feature are you looking for in breast tissue to ensure that its not malignant?

A

Lobules Should not Invade the Fat

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9
Q

What are some cancers that deviate from the normal cancer nominclature?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Mesothelioma
  • Seminoma

**all malignant but named as though they are benign

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10
Q

Differentiate a Haratoma and Choristoma.

- define these as benign or malignant.

A

***Both are benign

Hamartomas:
- Correct Tissues are present for the location but growth is not organized as it should be (e.g. getting a huge lob of cartilage where there should only be a small amt.)

Choristoma:
- Benign (correctly structured tissue) its just growing in the wrong location (e.g. pancreatic tissue in the stomach)

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11
Q

Where are Choristomas most common?

- in what syndrome are they often seen with?

A

Choristomas:
- Common in the G.I. Tract

Syndrome:
- Meckel’s Diverticulum (failure of Vitelline duct to close correctly)

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12
Q

Differentiate Sarcomas and Carcinomas.

A

Sarcomas:
- Derived from SOLID Mesenchymal Tissues (CT, Bone, BVs, Fat, etc.) or its derivatives

Carcinomas:
- malignant neoplasms of Epithelium regardless of origin (can arise from any germ layer)

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13
Q

Between Parenchyma and Stroma, which is most important to the Behavior of the neoplasm?

A

Parenchyma is important for Behavior

Stroma is important for Growth

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14
Q

What type of malignancy typically spreads through the Lymphatics?

  • Bloodstream?
  • what kind of tissues are these derived from?
A

Lymphatics:
Carcinomas - EPITHELIUM derived from any germ layer

Bloodstream:
Sarcomas - Mesenchymal Tissue

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15
Q

What is seeding?

- what cancers are known to do this?

A

Seeding:
- Growth of a Tumor within a body Cavity

Cancers known to do this:

  • Mesotheliomas
  • Ovarian Cancers
  • Brain tumors
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16
Q

Women with late stage ovarian cancer that were asymptomatic because the cancer just seeded on their peritoneum often present with what symptom?

A

Ascites

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17
Q

Once cancer enters the blood, what two tissues should you suspect it might enter into?
why?

A

Liver or Lungs

Liver - the site of PORTAL drainage into a capillary bed where cancer gets caught

Lungs - the site of CAVAL drainage into a capillary bed where cancer gets caught

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18
Q

What is vesicular chromatin?

- is this associated with healthy or malignant cells?

A

Vesicular Chromatin is very clumpy

**Associated with CANCER (malignant cells)

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19
Q

What features are you looking for in:

  • Adenoma?
  • Squamous Cell carinoma?
A

Adenoma:
- Glandular in appearance

Squamous:

  • Large squamous cells appearance
  • Often Keratin Present in Swirls
20
Q

What cancers in male and females often form adenocarcinomas?

A
  • Breast

- Prostate - known to wrap around nn.

21
Q

What are the gross and histological Features of Sarcomas?

A

Gross:
- Often appear very Fleshy

Histo:

  • Spindle Shaped
  • Hard to cell their cell of origin
22
Q

What do we call a carcinoma if we can’t tell what kind of tissue it’s trying to be?

A

Poorly Differentiated

23
Q

What are 4 general Features we can use to determine whether a tumor is benign or malignant?

A
  1. Differentiation
  2. Rate of Growth
  3. Local Invasion
  4. Metastasis
24
Q

T or F: if a cancer is well differentiated it will continue to carry out its original tissue function.

A

True, this is why prostate cancer can be monitored by PSA

Similarly well differentiated Hepatocellular Cancers will produce bile, and squamous cells will make keritin

*These cells just carry on with what they were doing in the 1st place

25
Q

What features Determine Anaplasia?

A
  1. Atypical Mitosis
  2. Hyperchromatic, Vesicular Nuclei
  3. High N/C ratio (way above 1:1)
  4. Pleomorphia (different size and shape)
  5. Giant Cells (mutlinucleate)
26
Q

How do you differentiate a late stage dysplasia from cancer?

A

Basement Membrane - if its still in tact then the tissue is just dysplastic

27
Q

What is a major factor that determines whether or not a cancer is growing fast?

A

Ischemic Necrosis - this indicates a cancer that is outgrowing its blood supply

28
Q

Next to Development of Metastasis, what is the most important factor in determining a malignancy?

A

Local Invasion

29
Q

T or F: the larger and more anaplastic a tumor is, the more likely it is to have metastasized

A

True

30
Q

Where do brain cancers often Seed into?

A

The ventricles

31
Q

What non-neurological cancer types often metastasize onto the spinal chord?
- how?

A

Thyroid
Prostate

  • this is done via the paravertebral plexus
32
Q

Why do we see cancers metastasize into veins more often than arteries?

A

Veins are more Penetrable

33
Q

**What are the 8 Hallmarks of Cancer?

A
  1. Self-Sufficiency in Growth
  2. Lack of Response to growth inhibitory Signals (evasion of death)
  3. Immortality
  4. Development of Angiogenesis
  5. Invasion of local tissues and spread to distant sites
  6. Reprogramming of Metabolic Pathways
  7. Evasion of Immune system
34
Q

What is a major way that most cancers alter their metabolic pathways?

A
  • Warburg Effect

- The Switch to Glycolysis (EVEN under aerobic conditions)

35
Q

What is a Biphasic Tumor?

- are these malignant or benign?

A

BOTH the parenchyma and Stroma have undergone clonal proliferation

  • These can be either malignant or Benign
36
Q

How do you differentiate a malignant and Benign Biphasic Tumor?

A

Benign - Stroma and Parenchyma are both enlarged but are well differentiated without enlarged hyperchomratic nuclei or aytipical mitosis

Malignant - Tissue deviates from above standards

37
Q

What are you looking for in Anaplasia?

A
  • Nuclear Pleomorphism
  • Hyperchromatic Nuclei
  • Tumor Giant Cells

**tissue just doesn’t appear homogenous

38
Q
  • *What is Ki-67 used for?

- specifically?

A

**Marker of Cell Growth (not mitosis necessarily)

**Especially important in cancers involving the Brain

39
Q

How can we tell how fast a cell is growing?

A

Amount of Mitotic Figures and growth markers like Ki-67

40
Q

What does it mean to say a neoplastic growth in in situ?

A

It hasn’t yet penetrated the basement membrane.

41
Q

What is the 1st lymph node that a cancer can metastasize to called?

A

The Sentinel Node

42
Q

How do most childhood malignancies appear on H and E?

A

Small Round Blue Cell Tumors

43
Q

Where is a Wilms tumor located?

- Cell type?

A

Kidney

Small Round Blue Cell

44
Q

Where is a Ewing Sarcoma located?

- Cell type?

A

Bone

Small Round Blue Cell

45
Q

What secondary cancer is often associated with Retinoblastoma?

A

Osteosarcoma

CMOD-Block 2 Path (22 decks)

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