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Neuro Exam 3 > Olfactory and Optic nerves > Flashcards

Olfactory and Optic nerves Flashcards

1
Q

special about CN1 sensation

A

chemical sensation

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2
Q

olfactory receptors are what type of neurons

A

bipolar

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3
Q

bipolar olfactory receptors send a central process through ________ and synapse on

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid

Olfactory bulb

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4
Q

Bipolar olfactory receptor central process will synapse on _____ which is connected to _____

A

olfactory bulb which is connected to the olfactory tract (nerve)

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5
Q

cells whose axons become olfactory tract and project bilaterally becoming the olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe (in the hippocampal gyrus-called _____)

A

Mitral cells

Piriform cortex

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6
Q

Mitral cell axons project where

A

project bilaterally as olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe, basically in the hippocampal region called piriform cortex

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7
Q

The whole connection of CN1

A

bipolar olfactory receptors send a central process through ________ and synapse on _____ which is connected to _____ and the _____ cells whose axons become olfactory tract and project bilaterally becoming the olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe (in the hippocampal gyrus-called _____)

cribiform plate of ethmoid
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
mitral cells
Piriform cortex
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8
Q

bipolar olfactory receptors send a central process through ________ and synapse on _____ which is connected to _____ and the _____ cells whose axons become olfactory tract and project bilaterally becoming the olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe (near the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus-called _____)

A 
cribiform plate of ethmoid
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
mitral cells
Piriform cortex
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9
Q

principal relay cells of the olfactory bulb

A

mitral cells

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10
Q

why smells remind you of past experience or memory

A

olfactory bulb is right next to amygdala and hippocampus

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11
Q

relay of olfactory projects to the piriform cortex, right next to the

A

uncus of the hippocampus

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12
Q

basilar skull fracture

A

causes an olfactory nerve lesion; at the olfactory sulcus

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13
Q

where the olfactory nerve sits

A

olfactory sulcus

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14
Q

loss of smell is called

A

anosmia

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15
Q

only sensory system lacking a pre-cortical relay in the thalamus

A

olfactory nerve CNI

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16
Q

lesions in the uncus (parhippocampal gyrus) are associated with

A

olfactory hallucinations

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17
Q

Retina origin

A

neural, developed with the brain

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18
Q

sensory structure in the orbit

A

retina

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19
Q

The photoreceptors in the retina

A

rods and cones

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20
Q

Where we see divergence of information in the retinal tract

A

the retinal ganglion cells begin to diverge onto optic n. which diverges onto thalamic cells in the LGN of the thalamus and then diverges onto the calcarine fissure

and continues to do so to more hierarchial cells

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21
Q

Where we see convergence in the retinal tract

A

Retinal receptors converge onto bipolar cells (interneurons) which converge onto Retinal Ganglion cells

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22
Q

connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the calcarine fissure

A

optic radiation

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23
Q

optic radiation

A

connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the calcarine fissure

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24
Q

optic radiation connects what to what

A

connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the calcarine fissure

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25
Q

optic nerve becomes optic tract where

A

after crossing the optic chiasma

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26
Q

where the optic n crosses and what

A

at the optic chiasma and becomes the optic tract

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27
Q

Pigment Epithelium

A

plays an important role in turnover (phagocytosis) of photoreceptor discs and captures light not caught by the retina

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28
Q

Plays an important role in turnover (phagocytosis) of photoreceptor discs and absorbs light not caught by the retina

A

Pigment epithelium

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29
Q

has a high refractive capacity and thus bends light to focus it on the retina

A

cornea

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30
Q

cornea

A

has a high refractive capacity and thus bends light which focuses it on the retina

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31
Q

photoreceptor location

A

back of the retina, thus light must first pierce the intermediate cells (bipolar and ganglia cells) first

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32
Q

Retinal Cell types (and separate into vertical or horizontal)

A

Vertical –> photoreceptors (Rods and cones) and bipolar and ganglia
Horizontal –> Horizontal and Amacrine

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33
Q

Bipolar Cells (location)

A

between rods/cones (innermost) and the ganglion (outer where light is)

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34
Q

Ganglion cells function

A

Give rise to the visual output of the optic n.

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35
Q

Give rise to the visual output of the optic n.

A

Ganglion cells

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36
Q

function to integrate info received by bipolar cells from the cones/rods, horizontally

A

Internuerons- amacrine and horizontal cells

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37
Q

Which photoreceptor type is more numerous and by how much

A

Rods outnumber cones 20:1

38
Q

Which photoreceptor detects light? How sensitive?

A

Rods; can detect even one single photon

39
Q

Rods

A

contain more photoreceptive pigment, thus are able to better detect light (even 1 single photon); achromatic, outnumber cones 20:1, and are highly convergent upon bipolar cells

40
Q

Photoreceptor with more photoreceptive pigment

A

Rods

41
Q

are highly convergent upon bipolar cells

A

Rods

42
Q

Better performing photoreceptor overall

A

Cone-except at detecting dim light

43
Q

Cones

A

Outperform rods in all visual tasks except detecting dim light, mediate color vision with 3 types (red, blue, green), provide better apatial and temporal resolution than rods; located in the fovea which is area of high acuity

44
Q

Location of cones

A

in the fovea, area of high acuity

45
Q

3 Functional components of a photoreceptor

A

Outer segment (absorbs), inner segment (machinery), and synaptic terminal (targets bipolar cell)

46
Q

Outer segment

A

stacked with membranous discs where light is actually absorbed

47
Q

Stacked with membranous discs where light is actually absorbed

A

the outer segment of a photoreceptor

48
Q

Inner segment

A

Part of the photoreceptor containing the nucleus and the biosynthetic machinery

49
Q

part of the photoreceptor containing the nucleus and the biosynthetic machinery

A

inner segment

50
Q

part of the functional photoreceptor that targets the bipolar cell

A

synaptic terminal

51
Q

synaptic terminal

A

part of the functional photoreceptor that actually targets the bipolar cell

52
Q

Dark current (and outcomes)

A

flow of Na coming into the cells at the disc; when light hits the photoreceptor pigments –> series of events –> cyclic nucleotide is released –> blocks dark current –> hyperpolarization –> passed on through amacrine and bipolar cells –> ganglion cells by this time it depolarizes and causes an AP through optic n. which is put out by ganglion cells (axons become n.) and project to lateral geniculate nucleus

53
Q

What becomes the optic n.

A

the axons of ganglion cells

54
Q

What creates an AP for optic n.

A

light stimulus at photoreceptor pigments –> cyclic nucleotide that blocks dark current (Na) –> hyperpolarization –> through interneurons and amacrine cells to ganglion cells and by this time it becomes depolarization which causes an AP

55
Q

Where does optic n. project to

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

56
Q

output cells of the retina

A

ganglion cells (axons –> optic n.)

57
Q

retinal tract ipsilateral or contra

A

ipsilateral

58
Q

location of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex)

A

calcarine fissure-cuneus and lingual gyrus

59
Q

Calcarine fissure joins

A

Cuneus and lingual gyrus

60
Q

number of layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A

six

61
Q

all thalamic projections from LGN project to where

A

layer 4 (internal granular cell layer) of the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

62
Q

output from which retinal half crosses at the optic chiasma on the way back to LGN?

A

From the medial/inner/nasal half crosses

63
Q

Output from which retinal half stays ipsilateral back to the LGN of the thalamus?

A

Lateral/outer/temporal

64
Q

the nasal retinal half sees light from where

A

reflected light from the outer part of the eye

65
Q

The temporal half of the retina sees light from where

A

Reflected from the nasal visual field

66
Q

nasal 1/2 of the retina

A

output crosses at chiasma; light reflected from outer part of eye

67
Q

Temporal 1/2 of retina

A

output ipsilateral; light from nasal visual field

68
Q

optic n. lesion

A

blindness in one eye, aka monoculate blindness

69
Q

optic chiasma lesion

A

bitemporal hemianopsia, lose outer fields of both eyes –> tunnel vision

70
Q

pituitary gland tumor

A

pushes up on optic chiasma causing tunnel vision

71
Q

optic tract lesion

A

hemonymous hemianopsia; lose ipsilateral outflow from lateral retina and contralateral part of median retina in the other eye (you lose lateral vision in one eye and medial in the other–> vision-blind-vision-blind

72
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

vision-blind-vision-blind; commonly caused by pituitary gland tumor pressing on optic chiasma due to diaphragm sellae)

73
Q

bitemporal hemianopsia

A

result of optic chiasma lesion, tunnel vision

74
Q

full optic radiation lesion

A

does not happen; get quadrantanopia instead

75
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

damage to 1/2 of optic radiation (upper or lower) causing blind quadrants

76
Q

constriction of the eye

A

controlled by smooth constrictor muscles arranged concentrically in the iris and innervated by parasympathetic nervous system by CN III

77
Q

nerve that innervates constrictors of the eye

A

CN III

78
Q

pupil dilation

A

pupil dilator muscles are arranged radially and controlled by a reflex of the sympathetic nervous system

79
Q

colateral of visual input from the optic n and optic tract does what/goes where

A

goes to the back of the midbrain to pretectal nucleus which projects bilaterally to the Edinger Westphal nucleus (part of the occulomotor complex) –> supplies parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run with CN III (oculomotor)

80
Q

colateral that goes to pretectal nucleus in the midbrain comes from

A

visual input of optic n and optic tract

81
Q

colateral of visual input from ______ and _____ goes to the ___________ which projects _______ to the ____ ___ (part of the _____), this supplies parasympathetic pregnglionic fibers that run with ______, This nerve is connected to the _________ that sits right behind the eye. Postganglionic axons then hitch a ride on ____ to get out to the iris –> cause _____

A 
optic n and optic tract
pretectal nucleus at the back of the midbrain
bilaterally
Edinger Westphal Nucleus (part of occulomotor complex)
CN III-occulomotor
ciliary ganglion
trigeminal nerve
constriction of the pupils
82
Q

Need light from where to cause constriction (explain)

A

Only in one eye b/c pretectal nucleus will project bilaterally to Edinger Westphal Nucleus which will supply parasympathetics to CNIII which connects to ciliary ganglion which is behind the eye –> postganglionic fibers hitch a ride on trigeminal n to the iris and constrict the eyes

83
Q

Postganglionic fibers from ciliary ganglion hitch a ride on what to the iris

A

trigeminal. n

84
Q

Edinger Westphal nucleus

A

recieves from pretectal nucleus and will send parasympathetics to CNIII which will cause constriction of both eyes eventually

85
Q

lesion in the optic n. of eye with light shone in it results in what kind of constriction when light shone in eye

A

nothing happens, if light shone in opposite eye it could result in constriction of both eyes b/c pretectal nucleus projects bilaterally

86
Q

lesion in optic tract does what to constriction of pupils in presence of light

A

produces a half constriction response b/c light reaches pretectal nucleus of opposite eye which will stimulate both Edinger Westphal nuclei

87
Q

lesion at occulomotor nerve

A

get consensual but not direct response (light in right eye only left constricts)

88
Q

lesion in optic n of eye opposite eye with light shown in it

A

normal response b/c bilateral projection

89
Q

Accomodation Reflex

A

as an object moves closer and closer you are able to keep it in focus b/c the lens becomes more and more convex due to a parasympathetic response from CN III

90
Q

How the lens becomes more or less convex

A

Ciliary bodies have ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments that attach to the lens; when the m. contracts the ligaments relax and the lens becomes more convex (the lens naturally wants to be convex); when ciliary muscles relax suspensory ligaments contract and pull on the lens making it less convex

91
Q

The lens naturally wants to be ______; _______ hold it in place keeping it less

A

convex

Suspensory ligaments-controlled by ciliary muscles

Neuro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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