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Neuro Exam 3 > Olfactory and Optic nerves > Flashcards

Olfactory and Optic nerves Flashcards

1
Q

special about CN1 sensation

A

chemical sensation

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2
Q

olfactory receptors are what type of neurons

A

bipolar

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3
Q

bipolar olfactory receptors send a central process through ________ and synapse on

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid

Olfactory bulb

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4
Q

Bipolar olfactory receptor central process will synapse on _____ which is connected to _____

A

olfactory bulb which is connected to the olfactory tract (nerve)

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5
Q

cells whose axons become olfactory tract and project bilaterally becoming the olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe (in the hippocampal gyrus-called _____)

A

Mitral cells

Piriform cortex

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6
Q

Mitral cell axons project where

A

project bilaterally as olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe, basically in the hippocampal region called piriform cortex

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7
Q

The whole connection of CN1

A

bipolar olfactory receptors send a central process through ________ and synapse on _____ which is connected to _____ and the _____ cells whose axons become olfactory tract and project bilaterally becoming the olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe (in the hippocampal gyrus-called _____)

cribiform plate of ethmoid
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
mitral cells
Piriform cortex
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8
Q

bipolar olfactory receptors send a central process through ________ and synapse on _____ which is connected to _____ and the _____ cells whose axons become olfactory tract and project bilaterally becoming the olfactory cortical region in the temporal lobe (near the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus-called _____)

A 
cribiform plate of ethmoid
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
mitral cells
Piriform cortex
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9
Q

principal relay cells of the olfactory bulb

A

mitral cells

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10
Q

why smells remind you of past experience or memory

A

olfactory bulb is right next to amygdala and hippocampus

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11
Q

relay of olfactory projects to the piriform cortex, right next to the

A

uncus of the hippocampus

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12
Q

basilar skull fracture

A

causes an olfactory nerve lesion; at the olfactory sulcus

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13
Q

where the olfactory nerve sits

A

olfactory sulcus

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14
Q

loss of smell is called

A

anosmia

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15
Q

only sensory system lacking a pre-cortical relay in the thalamus

A

olfactory nerve CNI

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16
Q

lesions in the uncus (parhippocampal gyrus) are associated with

A

olfactory hallucinations

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17
Q

Retina origin

A

neural, developed with the brain

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18
Q

sensory structure in the orbit

A

retina

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19
Q

The photoreceptors in the retina

A

rods and cones

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20
Q

Where we see divergence of information in the retinal tract

A

the retinal ganglion cells begin to diverge onto optic n. which diverges onto thalamic cells in the LGN of the thalamus and then diverges onto the calcarine fissure

and continues to do so to more hierarchial cells

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21
Q

Where we see convergence in the retinal tract

A

Retinal receptors converge onto bipolar cells (interneurons) which converge onto Retinal Ganglion cells

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22
Q

connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the calcarine fissure

A

optic radiation

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23
Q

optic radiation

A

connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the calcarine fissure

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24
Q

optic radiation connects what to what

A

connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the calcarine fissure

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25
optic nerve becomes optic tract where
after crossing the optic chiasma
26
where the optic n crosses and what
at the optic chiasma and becomes the optic tract
27
Pigment Epithelium
plays an important role in turnover (phagocytosis) of photoreceptor discs and captures light not caught by the retina
28
Plays an important role in turnover (phagocytosis) of photoreceptor discs and absorbs light not caught by the retina
Pigment epithelium
29
has a high refractive capacity and thus bends light to focus it on the retina
cornea
30
cornea
has a high refractive capacity and thus bends light which focuses it on the retina
31
photoreceptor location
back of the retina, thus light must first pierce the intermediate cells (bipolar and ganglia cells) first
32
Retinal Cell types (and separate into vertical or horizontal)
Vertical --> photoreceptors (Rods and cones) and bipolar and ganglia Horizontal --> Horizontal and Amacrine
33
Bipolar Cells (location)
between rods/cones (innermost) and the ganglion (outer where light is)
34
Ganglion cells function
Give rise to the visual output of the optic n.
35
Give rise to the visual output of the optic n.
Ganglion cells
36
function to integrate info received by bipolar cells from the cones/rods, horizontally
Internuerons- amacrine and horizontal cells
37
Which photoreceptor type is more numerous and by how much
Rods outnumber cones 20:1
38
Which photoreceptor detects light? How sensitive?
Rods; can detect even one single photon
39
Rods
contain more photoreceptive pigment, thus are able to better detect light (even 1 single photon); achromatic, outnumber cones 20:1, and are highly convergent upon bipolar cells
40
Photoreceptor with more photoreceptive pigment
Rods
41
are highly convergent upon bipolar cells
Rods
42
Better performing photoreceptor overall
Cone-except at detecting dim light
43
Cones
Outperform rods in all visual tasks except detecting dim light, mediate color vision with 3 types (red, blue, green), provide better apatial and temporal resolution than rods; located in the fovea which is area of high acuity
44
Location of cones
in the fovea, area of high acuity
45
3 Functional components of a photoreceptor
Outer segment (absorbs), inner segment (machinery), and synaptic terminal (targets bipolar cell)
46
Outer segment
stacked with membranous discs where light is actually absorbed
47
Stacked with membranous discs where light is actually absorbed
the outer segment of a photoreceptor
48
Inner segment
Part of the photoreceptor containing the nucleus and the biosynthetic machinery
49
part of the photoreceptor containing the nucleus and the biosynthetic machinery
inner segment
50
part of the functional photoreceptor that targets the bipolar cell
synaptic terminal
51
synaptic terminal
part of the functional photoreceptor that actually targets the bipolar cell
52
Dark current (and outcomes)
flow of Na coming into the cells at the disc; when light hits the photoreceptor pigments --> series of events --> cyclic nucleotide is released --> blocks dark current --> hyperpolarization --> passed on through amacrine and bipolar cells --> ganglion cells by this time it depolarizes and causes an AP through optic n. which is put out by ganglion cells (axons become n.) and project to lateral geniculate nucleus
53
What becomes the optic n.
the axons of ganglion cells
54
What creates an AP for optic n.
light stimulus at photoreceptor pigments --> cyclic nucleotide that blocks dark current (Na) --> hyperpolarization --> through interneurons and amacrine cells to ganglion cells and by this time it becomes depolarization which causes an AP
55
Where does optic n. project to
lateral geniculate nucleus
56
output cells of the retina
ganglion cells (axons --> optic n.)
57
retinal tract ipsilateral or contra
ipsilateral
58
location of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex)
calcarine fissure-cuneus and lingual gyrus
59
Calcarine fissure joins
Cuneus and lingual gyrus
60
number of layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
six
61
all thalamic projections from LGN project to where
layer 4 (internal granular cell layer) of the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
62
output from which retinal half crosses at the optic chiasma on the way back to LGN?
From the medial/inner/nasal half crosses
63
Output from which retinal half stays ipsilateral back to the LGN of the thalamus?
Lateral/outer/temporal
64
the nasal retinal half sees light from where
reflected light from the outer part of the eye
65
The temporal half of the retina sees light from where
Reflected from the nasal visual field
66
nasal 1/2 of the retina
output crosses at chiasma; light reflected from outer part of eye
67
Temporal 1/2 of retina
output ipsilateral; light from nasal visual field
68
optic n. lesion
blindness in one eye, aka monoculate blindness
69
optic chiasma lesion
bitemporal hemianopsia, lose outer fields of both eyes --> tunnel vision
70
pituitary gland tumor
pushes up on optic chiasma causing tunnel vision
71
optic tract lesion
hemonymous hemianopsia; lose ipsilateral outflow from lateral retina and contralateral part of median retina in the other eye (you lose lateral vision in one eye and medial in the other--> vision-blind-vision-blind
72
homonymous hemianopsia
vision-blind-vision-blind; commonly caused by pituitary gland tumor pressing on optic chiasma due to diaphragm sellae)
73
bitemporal hemianopsia
result of optic chiasma lesion, tunnel vision
74
full optic radiation lesion
does not happen; get quadrantanopia instead
75
Quadrantanopia
damage to 1/2 of optic radiation (upper or lower) causing blind quadrants
76
constriction of the eye
controlled by smooth constrictor muscles arranged concentrically in the iris and innervated by parasympathetic nervous system by CN III
77
nerve that innervates constrictors of the eye
CN III
78
pupil dilation
pupil dilator muscles are arranged radially and controlled by a reflex of the sympathetic nervous system
79
colateral of visual input from the optic n and optic tract does what/goes where
goes to the back of the midbrain to pretectal nucleus which projects bilaterally to the Edinger Westphal nucleus (part of the occulomotor complex) --> supplies parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run with CN III (oculomotor)
80
colateral that goes to pretectal nucleus in the midbrain comes from
visual input of optic n and optic tract
81
colateral of visual input from ______ and _____ goes to the ___________ which projects _______ to the ____ ___ (part of the _____), this supplies parasympathetic pregnglionic fibers that run with ______, This nerve is connected to the _________ that sits right behind the eye. Postganglionic axons then hitch a ride on ____ to get out to the iris --> cause _____
``` optic n and optic tract pretectal nucleus at the back of the midbrain bilaterally Edinger Westphal Nucleus (part of occulomotor complex) CN III-occulomotor ciliary ganglion trigeminal nerve constriction of the pupils ```
82
Need light from where to cause constriction (explain)
Only in one eye b/c pretectal nucleus will project bilaterally to Edinger Westphal Nucleus which will supply parasympathetics to CNIII which connects to ciliary ganglion which is behind the eye --> postganglionic fibers hitch a ride on trigeminal n to the iris and constrict the eyes
83
Postganglionic fibers from ciliary ganglion hitch a ride on what to the iris
trigeminal. n
84
Edinger Westphal nucleus
recieves from pretectal nucleus and will send parasympathetics to CNIII which will cause constriction of both eyes eventually
85
lesion in the optic n. of eye with light shone in it results in what kind of constriction when light shone in eye
nothing happens, if light shone in opposite eye it could result in constriction of both eyes b/c pretectal nucleus projects bilaterally
86
lesion in optic tract does what to constriction of pupils in presence of light
produces a half constriction response b/c light reaches pretectal nucleus of opposite eye which will stimulate both Edinger Westphal nuclei
87
lesion at occulomotor nerve
get consensual but not direct response (light in right eye only left constricts)
88
lesion in optic n of eye opposite eye with light shown in it
normal response b/c bilateral projection
89
Accomodation Reflex
as an object moves closer and closer you are able to keep it in focus b/c the lens becomes more and more convex due to a parasympathetic response from CN III
90
How the lens becomes more or less convex
Ciliary bodies have ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments that attach to the lens; when the m. contracts the ligaments relax and the lens becomes more convex (the lens naturally wants to be convex); when ciliary muscles relax suspensory ligaments contract and pull on the lens making it less convex
91
The lens naturally wants to be ______; _______ hold it in place keeping it less
convex | Suspensory ligaments-controlled by ciliary muscles

Neuro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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