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MIMS > Old MCQs > Flashcards

Old MCQs Flashcards

1
Q

do D-glucose and D-fructose have different chemical formulae?

A

no

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2
Q

what conformation is most stable for the 4 bases?

A

the chair conformation

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3
Q

how many bases per turn does the DNA double helix contain?

A

around 10

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4
Q

can RNA secondary structures include base pairs other than A-T and C-G?

A

yes

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5
Q

how is the base joined to the ribose in nucleic acids?

A

via an N-glycosidic bond

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6
Q

what catalytic triad does the specificity pocket of serine proteases contain?

A

Ser-His-Asp

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7
Q

can histidine act as an acid and a base in enzyme mechanisms?

A

no

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8
Q

what amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?

A

lysine and leucine

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9
Q

which amino acids are commonly phosphorylated?

A

tyrosine and threonine

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10
Q

which amino acids are found in collagen repetitive sequences?

A

proline and glycine

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11
Q

what is a gel based method to detect the presence of a specific protein in a cell extract?

A

Western blot

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12
Q

what method is used to find new protein interactions?

A

coimmunoprecipitation

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13
Q

what method is used to determine the total protein concentration in a sample?

A

Bradford assay

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14
Q

what sidechains are cell surface oligosaccharides attached to?

A

serine, threonine, glutamine

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15
Q

do fructose and glucose have the same number of carbon atoms?

A

yes

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16
Q

do fructose and glucose have a different number of carbon atoms?

A

no

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17
Q

what does stereochemistry at the anomeric carbon determine?

A

the shape of polysaccharides

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18
Q

what is the reducing end of a sugar formed by?

A

the anomeric carbon

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19
Q

what is as accurate as using a Lineweaver Burk plot?

A

estimation of Km and Vmax from a direct rate vs [S] plot

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20
Q

how many polypeptides is insulin made from?

A

2

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21
Q

what does insulin stimulate in the adipose tissue?

A

lipogenesis

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22
Q

what is insulin produced by?

A

pancreatic beta cells

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23
Q

what does insulin promote in muscle?

A

glycogen synthesis

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24
Q

how do competitive inhibitors affect Km and Vmax?

A

affect Km, leave Vmax unchanged

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25
Q

what does the serine protease oxyanion hole do?

A

stabilises the transition state

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26
Q

what do Asp proteases cleave next to?

A

aspartic acid residues

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27
Q

can enzymes form covalent bonds with reaction intermediates?

A

yes

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28
Q

what does rotation around the alpha-carbon in proteins allow?

A

the protein backbone to fold

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29
Q

do all sugars have a reducing end?

A

no

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30
Q

is deoxyribose in DNA in the L form?

A

no

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31
Q

which amino acid is most positively charged at pH 7?

A

arginine

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32
Q

which amino acid has a side chain attached to sugars in N-linked oligosaccharides?

A

aspartic acid

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33
Q

which amino acid has an aromatic, hydrophobic sidechain?

A

Phe

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34
Q

what does the Greek key motif describe?

A

how 4 beta-strands are packed together

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35
Q

do secondary structures always maximise side chain hydrogen bonds?

A

no

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36
Q

what are the 2 nucleotides in NAD and FAD connected by?

A

5’-3’ phosphodiester bonds

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37
Q

what is the pantothenate?

A

vitamin precursor for a cofactor essential for acyl transfer

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38
Q

are prosthetic groups integral to the protein they’re attached to?

A

yes

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39
Q

which amino acids are aromatic?

A

Tyr, Trp, Phe

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40
Q

which amino acids have side chains that are positive at pH 6?

A

Asp, Lys, His

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41
Q

which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

Ser, Thr, Tyr

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42
Q

which is stronger: binding between 2 strands of an anti-parallel beta sheet or binding between 2 strands of a parallel beta sheet?

A

anti-parallel

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43
Q

what can accommodate the linkage between 2 strands of an anti-parallel beta-sheet?

A

short structural loop called a hairpin

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44
Q

what are beta-sheets and alpha-helices exclusively held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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45
Q

what is scurvy caused by?

A

reduced hydroxylation of proline residues, weakening collagen fibres

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46
Q

which has a higher Km for glucose: glucokinase or hexokinase?

A

glucokinase

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47
Q

how many immunoglobulin domains do IgG antibodies consist of?

A

12

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48
Q

is haem a prosthetic group?

A

yes

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49
Q

what is the iron atom coordinated within in oxy-haemoglobin?

A

a porphyrin ring

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50
Q

what does carbon monoxide compete with?

A

oxygen for binding to the haem groups

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51
Q

what binding kinetics does haemoglobin bind oxygen with?

A

sigmoidal

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52
Q

which amino acid residues can be glycosylated?

A

Thr, Asn, Ser

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53
Q

where is most glycogen stored: muscle or liver?

A

muscle

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54
Q

what is glycogen a polymer of?

A

glucose linked to a protein at 1 end

55
Q

does glycogen synthase require UTP?

A

no

56
Q

what does cAMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyse cAMP upregulates to?

A

AMP

57
Q

what does hydrolysis of cAMP upregulates to AMP downregulate?

A

glycogen breakdown

58
Q

what upregulates glycogen breakdown by allosteric activation of PKA?

A

cAMP

59
Q

what allosterically activates PKA?

A

cAMP

60
Q

what ATP levels are needed for ketone body formation in liver cells?

A

high

61
Q

what NADH levels are needed for ketone body formation in liver cells?

A

high

62
Q

what activity level of pyruvate dehydrogenase is needed for ketone body formation in liver cells?

A

less active

63
Q

what Acetyl-CoA levels are needed for ketone body formation in liver cells?

A

high

64
Q

what is an amino acid directly involved in the urea cycle?

A

arginine

65
Q

what is an enzyme which specifically catalyses triacylglycerol hydrolysis to diacylglycerol in fat cells?

A

adipose triglyceride lipase

66
Q

what is the enzyme that catalyses the final step in synthesis of the ketone body acetoacetate?

A

hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase

67
Q

what is an enzyme activated by calcium ions in skeletal muscle?

A

phosphorylase kinase

68
Q

what is an inhibitor of carnitine acyltransferase I?

A

Malonyl-CoA

69
Q

what is an activator of acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

citrate

70
Q

what is an enzyme located on the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

71
Q

what is an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase?

A

acetyl-CoA

72
Q

what is an allosteric activator of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

5’-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

73
Q

do skeletal muscle cells contain acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

yes

74
Q

what causes phenylketonuria?

A

when phenylalanine hydroxase can’t convert phe to tyr

75
Q

what do most fish secrete nitrogen as?

A

ammonia

76
Q

what is excess ammonia in tissue added to?

A

glutamate

77
Q

what does alanine do?

A

carries ammonia from skeletal muscle to liver

78
Q

is the glycolytic reaction catalysed by fructose bisphosphate aldolase exergonic or endergonic?

A

highly endergonic

79
Q

what regulates protein kinase A activity?

A

binding to cAMP

80
Q

what is an allosteric modulator which regulates the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis acting on PFK1?

A

fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

81
Q

what is an intermediate in both the citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis?

A

oxaloacetate

82
Q

what is the product of hexokinase?

A

glucose 6-phospate

83
Q

how many ATP molecules result from the oxidation of FADH2?

A

1.5

84
Q

how many ATP molecules result from the complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

A

10

85
Q

how many ATP molecules result from the complete oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA?

A

106

86
Q

what does the carbonic anhydrase reaction mechanism rely on?

A

a histidine-bound zinc atom

87
Q

where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

in the cytosol

88
Q

what is most acetyl-CoA in the liver normally converted into?

A

ketone bodies

89
Q

what is acetyl-CoA carboxylase subject to?

A

phosphorylation and allosteric regulation

90
Q

what supplies reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis?

A

NADPH2

91
Q

what does the proton motive force depend on?

A

both the proton gradient and the total charge gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

92
Q

in the oxygen electrode experiment with glutamate added, what does the maximum rate of oxygen uptake not occur until?

A

until ADP and inorganic phosphate are added

93
Q

what is the TCA cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase part of?

A

the electron transport chain

94
Q

what do birds use for the secretion of nitrogen?

A

uric acid

95
Q

what is alanine secreted by?

A

muscle

96
Q

what is arginine an intermediate in?

A

the urea cycle

97
Q

is the reaction that glutamate dehydrogenase catalyses reversible?

A

yes

98
Q

what do GPCRs replace bound GDP with?

A

GTP

99
Q

where is the final orientation of a plasma membrane protein established?

A

at the er

100
Q

into which organelle are fully folded proteins imported from the cytosol?

A

nucleus

101
Q

which organelle is the site where sugar residues are first attached to secreted proteins?

A

endoplasmic reticulum lumen

102
Q

which organelle is the location of the Sec61 translocon complex?

A

endoplasmic reticulum membrane

103
Q

what mediate recovery from receptor-activated intracellular signalling?

A

Ca2+ pumps and PLC

104
Q

what is a small molecule inactivated by dephosphorylation?

A

IP3

105
Q

what activates protein kinase C?

A

diacylglycerol

106
Q

where do COPII vesicles transport proteins from and to?

A

from the ER to the Golgi apparatus

107
Q

where are misfolded proteins in the ER lumen exported to?

A

the cytosol

108
Q

what state are proteins in before transport to peroxisomes?

A

fully folded

109
Q

where are signal peptides removed?

A

within the ER lumen

110
Q

which group is added to proteins in the Golgi?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

111
Q

what is IP3 inactivated by?

A

dephosphorylation

112
Q

what binds lysosome enzymes in the ER?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

113
Q

what does clathrin contribute to?

A

the endocytosis of LDL receptors

114
Q

where can glycosylated proteins be modified?

A

within the Golgi apparatus

115
Q

what is a protein with the ability to phosphorylate tyrosine residues?

A

EGF receptor (or other tyrosine kinase receptor)

116
Q

what protein degrades cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

117
Q

what protein can hydrolyse GTP

A

Gq

118
Q

what proteins mediate fusion of vesicles during intracellular trafficking?

A

SNARE proteins

119
Q

what do glucagon, adrenaline and vasopressin have in common?

A

all stimulate cell signalling cascades using cAMP as a common intracellular signal transduction molecule

120
Q

what is PKA catalytic activity regulated by?

A

binding to cAMP

121
Q

what is required for calcium flow through voltage gated calcium channels?

A

ion-ion repulsion

122
Q

what can modify the response of voltage gated calcium ion channels to membrane potential?

A

phosphorylation

123
Q

what does IP3 stimulate?

A

release of Ca2+ from the ER

124
Q

what does caffeine inhibit?

A

degradation of cAMP

125
Q

what does PKA binding to cAMP do?

A

stimulates PKA activity

126
Q

is the lumen of lysosome alkaline?

A

no

127
Q

what can ligand-gated ion channels be classified as?

A

allosteric receptors

128
Q

how do SNARE proteins force inbound vesicles closer to target organelle membranes?

A

they wind around each other

129
Q

what domain in Grb2 binds to the active receptor tyrosine kinase?

A

SH2 domain

130
Q

what protein switches off small G proteins?

A

GTPase activating protein

131
Q

what protein kinase is activated by binding to an active small G protein?

A

MAP kinase

132
Q

what is a scaffold protein which directs intracellular co-localisation of PKA and other proteins?

A

AKAP

133
Q

what is an enzyme that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate generating IP3 and DAG?

A

PLC

MIMS (15 decks)

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