clinical aspects of energy metabolism in small animals

Question 1

what is emaciation?

Answer 1

the corporeal result of 2 different chronic pathophysiologic mechanisms- cachexia and starvation

Question 2

what is cachexia?

Answer 2

the loss of lean body mass and body weight that occurs with chronic disease. primarily mediated by cytokines

Question 3

what is starvation?

Answer 3

involuntary reduction in caloric intake, decreased BMR and relative sparing of LBM until fat stores depleted. correctable with nutritional support

Question 4

what is sarcopenia?

Answer 4

the loss of LBM and body weight that occurs in old age in absence of disease

Question 5

what is dysrexia?

Answer 5

altered food intake

Question 6

what is hyporexia?

Answer 6

decreased food intake

Question 7

what is anorexia?

Answer 7

no food intake

Question 8

what is digestibility?

Answer 8

proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed from diet and used for body functions

Question 9

what is a complete diet?

Answer 9

contains all of the essential nutrients

Question 10

what is a balanced diet?

Answer 10

contains the essential nutrients in correct proportions in the diet

Question 11

common indicators of malnourishment?

Answer 11

unintentional weight loss >105 in <3 months; poor hair quality; muscle wasting; inadequate wound healing; hypoalbuminaemia

Question 12

what is the RER?

Answer 12

basic amount of energy used in a day in thermo-neutral conditions, when remaining at rest

Question 13

what is the MER?

Answer 13

RER + the energy required at different life stages, reproductive status, any condition that could significantly affect energy expenditure

Question 14

obesity risk factors?

Answer 14

excess caloric consumption, decreased energy expenditure, genetic predisposition

Question 15

how is MER calculated?

Answer 15

RER x life stage factor

Question 16

what does food deprivation cause?

Answer 16

reduced blood glucose, down-regulation of insulin, glucagon and glucocorticoid upregulation

Question 17

effect of reduced blood glucose? (long term)

Answer 17

gradual use of glycogen reserves -> hepatic glycogenolysis -> preservation of blood glucose

Question 18

effect of insulin down regulation (long term)?

Answer 18

decreased conversion of T4 to T3 -> hypometabolism -> lower ER

Question 19

effect of glucagon and glucocorticoid upregulation?

Answer 19

muscle catabolism

Question 20

effects of cachexia/disease?

Answer 20

release of inflammatory mediators, sympathetic nervous system stimulation, disruption of lipid metabolism