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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the lipid soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins A, D, E, K

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2
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B vitamins, vitamin C

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3
Q

what are the major minerals? (5)

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium

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4
Q

what are the trace minerals? (4)

A

iron, chloride, zinc, manganese

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5
Q

what are the ultra-trace minerals? (5)

A

cobalt, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, chromium

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6
Q

how are lipid soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

absorbed from gut and reach the circulation as dietary fats

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7
Q

where are lipid soluble vitamins mostly stored?

A

liver and adipose tissue- except vitamin K which has limited storage capacity

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8
Q

chemistry of vitamin A?

A

structurally related to retinol, carotenes and xanthophylls converted to vitamin by animal tissues

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9
Q

metabolic function of vitamin A?

A

antioxidant, nuclear transcription factor regulating gene expression, required for vision, growth, cell proliferation/differentiation, immune function

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10
Q

how are vitamin A levels assessed?

A

liver vitamin A levels, serum, relative dose response, retinol isotope dilution technique

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11
Q

what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

birth defects, fetal mortality, de-differentiation, epithelial keratinisation, loss of appetite, xeropthalmia, blindness, impaired immune function

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12
Q

what causes vitamin A toxicity?

A

prolonged supplement use, excessive liver intake, skin preparations

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13
Q

what does vitamin A toxicity lead to?

A

birth defects, nausea, skin irritation, liver abnormalities, reduced bone mineral density

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14
Q

what is the alternative name for vitamin D?

A

calciferol

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15
Q

how is vitamin D activated?

A

photoactivation

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16
Q

what are factors affecting vitamin D synthesis?

A

ageing, skin pigmentation, clothing, season, latitude, time of day

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17
Q

what are the functions of vitamin D?

A

maintains serum [Ca] and [P] by enhancing intestinal absorption and mobilising Ca and P from bone; insulin secretion; production of renin; cell proliferation and differentiation; immune function

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18
Q

how are vitamin D levels assessed?

A

23-OH-D, 1,25(OH2D), erum alkaline phosphatase, bone collagen products in urine

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19
Q

what does vitamin D deficiency lead to?

A

rickets, decreased bone mineral density

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20
Q

what does vitamin D toxicity lead to?

A

calcification of bone and soft tissues

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21
Q

what are the naturally occurring forms of vitamin K?

A

phylloquinone (K1), menaquinones

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22
Q

what are good sources of vitamin K in the diet?

A

green leafy vegetables, some plant oils, synthesis by bacteria in large intestine

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23
Q

what is the function of vitamin K?

A

cofactor for carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many proteins; blood coagulation; bone metabolism; prevention of vessel mineralisation; phagocytosis; cell adhesion and proliferation; protection against apoptosis

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24
Q

how are vitamin K levels assessed?

A

phylloquinone in serum, protein induced by vitamin K absence

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25
what populations are at risk of vitamin K deficiency?
breast-fed infants, liver disease patients, people with fat malabsorption disorder
26
what can vitamin K deficiency lead to?
increased risk of haemorrhage
27
what does vitamin K toxicity cause?
liver damage, jaundice, haemolytic anaemia
28
what happens to water-soluble vitamins on entering the body?
dissolve in water
29
what happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?
can't be stored, are excreted
30
what is the other name for vitamin B1?
thiamine
31
what is the active form of vitamin B1?
thiamine triphosphate
32
what is the function of thiamine?
co factor for multiple enzymes involved in metabolism of carbohydrate, branched chain amino acids and fatty acids
33
how are thiamine levels assessed?
TDP (diphosphate form) in whole blood or RBC, erythrocyte transkelotase activity coefficient (ETKAC)
34
what are high risk populations for thiamine deficiency?
patients with ETOH and/or malnutrition
35
what can thiamine deficiency cause?
beriberi (wet beriberi= heart failure, oedema, dyspnoea on exertion; dry beriberi= polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting), can cause Wernicke encephalopathy (confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia)
36
what does thiamine toxicity cause?
no toxic effects from oral overconsumption, anaphylactic responses with large IV doses
37
what is the other name for vitamin B3?
niacin
38
what is niacin/vitamin B3?
either NAD or NADP based on 1 group being H or PO3
39
how is niacin synthesised in the body?
from tryptophan in the liver
40
what are the functions of niacin?
redox reactions, substrate for enzymes in protein translation, immune function, DNA replication/repair, cell differentiation/apoptosis, cell signalling, genomic silencing (longevity)
41
what can niacin be used to treat?
dyslipidaemia
42
how are niacin levels assessed?
nicotinic acids and nicotinamide metabolites in urine, tissue and blood levels of NAD(H) or NADP(H), RBC [tryptophan and NAD/NADP]
43
what populations are at risk of niacin deficiency?
alcoholics and those with malnutrition
44
what does niacin deficiency lead to?
pellagra (diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia)
45
what can nicotinic acid toxicity lead to?
skin rashes, flushing, itching, increased LFT, transient hypotension, headache
46
what is the function of folate?
needed for metabolism of nucleic acid precursors, several amino acids, methylation reactions
47
what health conditions are associated with folate status?
cancer, CVD, psychiatric, neurodegenerative disorders
48
how are folate levels assessed?
plasma folate, RBC folate, plasma homocysteine, macrocytic red cell, hypersegmented neutrophils, megaloblastic changes in bone marrow
49
what can folate deficiency lead to?
fetal malformation, anaemia, diarrhoea, loss of appetites, weight loss, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, behavioural disorders
50
what are high risk populations for folate deficiency?
pregnant/lactating individuals, patients with alcoholism, malabsorption, liver disease, MTHFR polymorphisms, hemodialysis, chronic hemolytic anaemia
51
what can folate toxicity cause?
insomnia, malaise, irritability, lower Zn status, GI distress
52
what is the largest most complex vitamin?
vitamin B12
53
what is the other name for vitamin B12?
cobalamin
54
what are the richest dietary sources of cobalamin?
dairy products, meats, eggs, fish, shellfish
55
what is the function of cobalamin?
folate metabolism, synthesis of succinyl-CoA, erythropoiesis, growth of nervous system
56
what conditions is cobalamin thought to be involved in?
CVD, cancer, cognitive decline, depression
57
how are cobalamin levels assessed?
total serum B12, plasma homocysteine, plasma/urinary methylmalonic acid, serum transcobalamin, macrocytic red cells, hypersegmented neutrophils
58
what may cobalamin deficiency lead to?
megaloblastic anaemia, central/peripheral neuropathy, glossitis, increased risk of vascular disease, cancer, neural tube defects
59
what are high risk populations for cobalamin deficiency?
individuals that exclude animal foods, food-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption, older adults
60
what does intake of large amounts of cobalamin cause?
no adverse effects in healthy people
61
what is vitamin B6?
pyridoxine
62
what is the function of pyridoxine?
co-enzyme involved in function of more than 100 enzymes
63
what conditions is pyridoxine involved in?
CVD, cancer, cognitive decline, depression, immune function
64
what populations are at risk of pyridoxine deficiency?
alcoholics and those with malnutrition
65
what can pyridoxine deficiency result in?
anaemia, hyperirritability, convulsions, peripheral neuropathy, mental confusion
66
what can pyridoxine toxicity cause?
sensory neuropathy
67
what is the other name for vitamin C?
ascorbic acid
68
what is the function of vitamin C/ascorbic acid?
enhances Fe absorption, essential cofactor for reactions requiring a reduced metal ion, collagen production, wound healing, bone formation, enhancing the immune system, strengthening blood vessels
69
how are ascorbic acid levels assessed?
plasma and leukocyte ascorbic acid levels
70
what populations are at risk of ascorbic acid deficiency?
individuals with poor diets, alcoholics, drug users, elderly men
71
what can ascorbic acid deficiency lead to?
scurvy
72
what can ascorbic acid toxicity lead to?
nausea, diarrhoea
73
what are the major minerals in the human body?
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium
74
what are the trace minerals in the human body?
iron, chloride, zinc, manganese
75
what are the ultra-trace minerals in the human body?
cobalt, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, chromium
76
what % of total body Ca is structural (bones and teeth)?
more than 99%
77
what is the functional calcium?
intracellular messenger and cofactor, activator/stabiliser of protein
78
what is the function of calcium?
cell signalling, neural transmission, muscle function, membrane and cytoskeletal functions, enzymatic co-factor, blood coagulation, secretion, biomineralisation
79
what does phytic acid do?
inhibits Ca absorption
80
what do lactose and MCFAs do in infants for Ca absorption?
enhance it
81
how are calcium levels assessed?
[Ca] in serum, dual x-ray absorptiometry to access bone mineral density and content
82
what can Ca deficiency lead to?
osteoporosis, accelerated bone loss
83
what are high risk populations for Ca deficiency?
individuals with chronic kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency, fat malabsorption, pregnancy, lactation
84
what does hypercalcaemia cause?
lax muscle tone, constipation, large urine, volume, nausea, confusion, coma, death
85
what are the primary oxidation states of iron in biology?
ferrous (+2), ferric (+3), ferryl (+4)
86
what are the functions of iron?
oxygen transport and storage (haemoglobin and myoglobin), electron transport and energy metabolism, antioxidant and energy metabolism, antioxidant and beneficial pro-oxidant functions, DNA synthesis
87
what is the function of hepcidin?
when body iron stores are sufficient to meet requirements hepcidin blocks dietary iron absorption, promotes cellular iron sequestration, reduces iron bioavailability
88
what are inhibitors of non-haem iron absorption?
phytic acids, polyphenols, soy protein, coffee, calcium
89
what are enhancers of non-haem iron absorption?
vitamin C, organic acids, meat, fish, poultry, ETOH
90
what are high risk populations for iron deficiency?
preterm/low birth weight infants, infants/children 6mo-4y, adolescents, pregnant women, women of childbearing age, people with renal failure, GI disorders affecting FE absorption
91
what is the single larges cause of poisoning fatalities in children under 6 years?
iron overdose
92
what can long term iron toxicity cause (if not immediately lethal)?
damage to the CNS, liver, stomach
93
what is hemochromatosis?
Fe accumulates in various tissues, typically leading to liver damage, diabetes mellitus, skin discolouration

MIMS (15 decks)

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