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BIOL 245 > Old Exam 3 > Flashcards

Old Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

exploitation

A

interaction that enhances fitness of one while reducing fitness of the other

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2
Q

Intraspecific competition is competition ______ species.

A

within a

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3
Q

Interspecific competition is competition ______ species.

A

between

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4
Q

When does intraspecific competition play a major role in logistic population growth?

A

when populations are high (in upper part of s-curve)

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5
Q

Isoclines represent that line at which ______.

A

dN/dt = 0 (there is no change in the number of individuals)

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6
Q

character displacement

A

anatomical change in species that occurs as a result of competition

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7
Q

resource competition

A

competition where two individuals are using the same resources but do not come into direct contact with each other (ex. fighting)

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8
Q

Two species of bumblebees evolving to have slightly different mouth parts in order to seek nectar from similar flowers is an example of ______.

A

resource partitioning

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9
Q

adaptive radiation

A

diversification of a group to fill different ecological niches; can result from niche differentiation and character displacement

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10
Q

inducible defense

A

a defense that results as a reaction to a stressor (ex. herbivore feeds on a plant, causing it to produce chemical defenses)

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11
Q

Organisms with high adult survival rates tend to ______.

A

defer reproduction until they are older

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12
Q

parasitoid

A

immature insects that develop inside a host, then kill it

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13
Q

Dispersal strategy, seed number, survival rate of seedlings, and seedling growth rate are correlated with ______.

A

seed size

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14
Q

obligate mutualism

A

a mutually beneficial relationship where both parties fully depend on each other

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15
Q

facultative mutualism

A

a mutually beneficial relationship where both parties can function on own

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16
Q

phenology

A

study of cyclic and seasonal phenomena in nature

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17
Q

commensalism

A

relationship where one benefits and the other isn’t affected

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18
Q

Low availability of resources is an example of a ______ limitation.

A

bottom-up

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19
Q

Climbing a tree, flocking behaviors, large body size, and synchronized reproduction are all examples of a ______.

A

refuge

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20
Q

In a model of species interactions, a12 represents ______.

A

competitive effect of an individual from species 2 on rate of population growth of species 1

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21
Q

How does the relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and roots of plants work?

A

Bacteria live in root nodules produced by the plant and fix nitrogen into a usable form. The bacteria benefit because they can grow in a protected place and get food from the plant

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22
Q

If a predator only feeds on one type of prey it is a ______.

A

specialist

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23
Q

coevolution

A

when two species reciprocally affect each other’s development
ex.) a prey developing better defense mechanisms while the predator develops better ways to combat them

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24
Q

predator satiation

A

when a prey temporarily increases its population size so that each individual has a lower probability of being eaten

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25
Q

myrmecochory

A

seed dispersal mutualism between ants and plants

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26
Q

How does natural selection affect two species in competition?

A

there is strong directional selection on both species to minimize competition

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27
Q

*model of exploitation (q28 on old exam)

A
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28
Q

In the Lotka-Volterra model of competition, populations can only coexist if ______.

A

isoclines of competitor populations intersect

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29
Q

What does the expression in parentheses represent: dN/dt = rN(K-N/K)

A

intraspecific competition

30
Q

*isocline population dynamics

A
31
Q

What are the four possible outcomes of interspecific competition?

A

competitive exclusion where species 1 wins, competitive exclusion where species 2 wins, unstable coexistence, stable coexistance

32
Q

self-thinning

A

as plants in a species grow bigger they have to compete with each other more and some individuals lose out

33
Q

What is the result of self-thinning and what is it an example of?

A

self-thinning results in decreased density but similar overall biomass; example of intraspecific competition

34
Q

What are two things that can influence the outcome of interspecies competition?

A
  • environmental factors: ex. food for one species becoming scarce
  • introduction of a third species if they are a predator to one of the original two
35
Q

defensive mutualism

A

one individual receives food and shelter while the other is protected against herbivores/pests/parasites

36
Q

gonadosomatic index

A

reproductive effort measured as percent of total body weight

37
Q

How do you calculate GSI?

A

(ovary weight*# reproductive events/year)/body weight

38
Q

What kind of plants have the largest seeds?

A

climbing plants

39
Q

When adult survival is low, the age of maturity is ______.

A

early

40
Q

Species with low adult survival produce ______ offspring.

A

many small

41
Q

Which type of survivorship do r-selected species have?

A

III (low juvenile survival, high adult survival)

42
Q

Which type of survivorship do K-selected species have?

A

I or II (constant death rate OR high juvenile survival, low adult survival)

43
Q

r-selected species have ______ life spans, develop ______, mature ______, and have a ______ body size.

A

short; rapidly; early; small

44
Q

K-selected species have ______ life spans, develop ______, mature ______, and have a ______ body size.

A

long; slowly; late; large

45
Q

semelparity

A

living only to reproduce once

46
Q

iteroparity

A

living to reproduce multiple times

47
Q

What does it mean to have a ruderal life history? When is this life history dominant?

A

grow on waste or refuse; in high disturbance and low stress environments

48
Q

When is the stress-tolerant life history dominant?

A

low distance and high stress

49
Q

When is the competitive life history dominant?

A

low disturbance and low stress

50
Q

exploitation competition

A

when one competitor is better at using the resource

51
Q

interference competition

A

behaviors that reduce exploitation efficiency of others

52
Q

When does competitive exclusion occur?

A

when two individuals have the same niche

53
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species within the same niche can stably coexist

54
Q

fundamental niche

A

“the whole box” where a species could possibly exist

55
Q

realized niche

A

where a species can exist WITH competition

56
Q

What does a (alpha) represent?

A

effect of competing species

57
Q

Which type of competition is more important when a > 1?

A

interspecific

58
Q

Which type of competition is more important when a < 1?

A

intraspecific

59
Q

When can stable coexistence occur?

A

When a < 1

60
Q

Species 2 moves ______ with population vectors.

A

left/right

61
Q

Species 1 moves ______ with population vectors.

A

up/down

62
Q

The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that growth of the host is limited only by ______.

A

the predator

63
Q

The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the predator is ______.

A

a specialist

64
Q

The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the predator can ______ and that the rate at which the predator consumes the host is determine by the ______ of the host.

A

consume an infinite number of hosts; abundance

65
Q

The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the host and predator encounter each other ______ and in a(n) ______ environment.

A

randomly; homogenous

66
Q

The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the conversion of hosts into new predators is ______.

A

instantaneous

67
Q

In the Lotka-Volterra model of competition “rhNh) represents ______.

A

exponential rate of increase of the host

68
Q

When is a disease fatal?

A

when the recovery rate = 0

69
Q

In the SIR model of disease, what does B (beta) represent?

A

transmission rate

70
Q

What does transmission rate/recovery rate equal?

A

R0 of disease

71
Q

What happens when R0 of a disease is > 1?

A

epidemic

72
Q

The relationship between the swollen thorn acacia and ants is an example of ______.

A

obligate mutualism

BIOL 245 (5 decks)

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