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BIOL 245 > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of consumers are prokaryotes?

A

heterotrophic, photosynthetic, and chemosynthetic

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2
Q

What kind of consumers are protists?

A

heterotrophic and photosynthetic

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3
Q

What kind of consumers are plants?

A

photosynthetic and heterotrophic

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4
Q

What kind of consumers are fungi and animals?

A

exclusively heterotrophic

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5
Q

What are the three sources of energy?

A

sunlight, oxidation of organic molecules, and oxidation of inorganic molecules

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6
Q

Water use is ______ in CAM than in C3 and C4.

A

higher

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7
Q

C4 has ______ water loss than C3 because…

A

less; it uses fewer stomata

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8
Q

Which photosynthetic pathway do most plants use?

A

C3

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9
Q

What is the first step in the C3 pathway?

A

Carbon fixation: CO2 combines with RuBp

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10
Q

What enzyme catalyzes carbon fixation?

A

rubisco

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11
Q

What is the product of carbon fixation?

A

PGA (three-carbon acid)

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12
Q

What are some examples of plants that employ C3?

A

rice, wheat, and soybeans

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13
Q

Where does C3 photosynthesis occur?

A

mesophyll cells ONLY

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14
Q

Where do the reactions of C4 photosynthesis take place?

A

carbon fixation in mesophyll cells; calvin-benson cycle in bundle sheath cells

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15
Q

What is the first step in C4 photosynthesis?

A

PEP carboxylase catalyzes the combination of CO2 and PEP to produce a C4 acid, which concentrates CO2

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16
Q

Why do C4 plants open fewer stomata?

A

PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco, meaning they don’t have to work as hard to get CO2 to diffuse into the cells

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17
Q

What happens after carbon fixation in C4 plants?

A

The C4 acid diffuses into the bundle sheath cell and breaks down to form CO2 and pyruvate. The CO2 then combines with RuBp to form PGA

18
Q

What kind of environments does C3 photosynthesis occur in?

A

moderate temp, moderate light, plentiful water

19
Q

What kind of environments does C4 photosynthesis occur in?

A

high temp, high light, limited water

20
Q

What kind of environments does CAM photosynthesis occur in?

A

high temp, low water

21
Q

How is the photosynthetic pathway broken up during CAM?

A

carbon fixation occurs at night and calvin-benson cycle occurs during the day

22
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in CAM plants?

A

mesophyll cells ONLY

23
Q

What is photosynthetic active radiation?

A

400-700nm

24
Q

What changes the quantity and quality of light?

A

latitude, season, weather, time of day, landscapes, water quality, composition of organisms

25
Q

What are the most common elements in food?

A

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, hydrogen, oxygen

26
Q

What is the carbon-nitrogen ratio of plants? Are they nitrogen-rich?

A

25:1; no

27
Q

What is the carbon-nitrogen ratio of fungi? Are they nitrogen-rich?

A

10:1; no

28
Q

What is the carbon-nitrogen ratio of animals and bacteria? Are they nitrogen-rich?

A

5:1; yes

29
Q

How do we excrete excess carbon?

A

feces

30
Q

How do plants physically prevent being eaten?

A

bark, thorns, needles, etc.

31
Q

How do bark and needles protect trees?

A

They are very nitrogen-poor and, therefore, not nutritious

32
Q

______ tissues have more nitrogen.

A

Softer

33
Q

How do plants prevent being eaten?

A

toxic/secondary compounds and mechanical defenses

34
Q

How do animals prevent being eaten?

A

mobility, secondary compounds, mechanical defenses, camouflage, behavior

35
Q

What kind of animals have a type I functional response curve?

A

filter feeders

36
Q

What kind of animals have a type II functional response curve? Why does it look the way it does?

A

most animals; it takes time for them to acquire food

37
Q

What causes a type III functional response curve?

A

prey seeking refuge or predators switching prey type

38
Q

principle of allocation

A

limited energy has to balance demands of growth, reproduction, foraging, defenses, etc.

39
Q

What is the equation for rate of energy intake?

A

E/T (energy/time)

40
Q

Why do animals sometimes eat low reward items?

A

If they only ate high reward items and those items disappeared they would starve–they have to be flexible

41
Q

What are the assumptions of the optimal foraging theory?

A

animals want to maximize energy intake; cost of searching and handling time are constants

BIOL 245 (5 decks)

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