Old english history 2 Flashcards
What languages were the anglo-saxons exposed to?
celtic and latin
what languages belong to the germanic branch?
danish, swedish, norwegian, german, dutch
what is proto-germanic?
a branch of the indo-european
what are the major branches of indo-european languages?
celtic, baltic, slavic, american,tocharinan,
what happend to the e and o vowels in sanskrit
they underwent changes and became an a
greek and latin changed the intial bh to?
ph and f
was indo-european an inflected language?
yes, it also made tense and plurality in indo-european.
How many tenses did germanic have?
present and past tense
How do we indicate other tenses?
with the use of auxiliary verbs
what are the weak verbs?
Those that need a suffix to form past like -Ed to become past- as in walk-walked
what are strong verbs ?
Those that change the vowel to become past tense as in sing-sang
adjectives may occur in two diffent forms depending on the grammar of the sentence, which ones are they?
an- attached to a noun makes it weak
e-attached to a noun makes it strongc
what languages does north germanic consist of?
danish, swedish, norwegian
what languages does east germanic consist of?
gothic, and some other extinct languages
what languages does west germanic consist of?
german, dutch, frisian and english
How is passive voice indicated?
by the use of auxiliary verbs
What is the runic alphabeth called?
Futhark
What became english ?
germanic dialects
Does germanic belong to the indo-european language?
yes
What is indo-european releated to?
afroasiatic and uralic
what is a proto- language?
A language that is not attested in early writings
what are cognates?
words from diffrent languages that may have a common ancestor
What is the comparative method?
The method we use to compare languages with oneanother.
what is indo-european a sub family of ?
Eurasiatic
what is grims first law?
PTK voiceless stops becomes voicless fricatives f,ø,h
The change is frication
What is grims second law?
Bdg, voiced stops become voicless stops p,t, k
The change is the loss of voice.
what is grims third law?
The aspirated voiced stops bh, dh, gh loose their voice. Becomes regular b,d,g
what happens in greek with grims law
bh,dh, gh becomes ph, th, ch
In greek the aspirated stops bh, dh, gh,
What happens with latin with grims law?
bh, dh, gh becomes f, f, h
what is the simplified version of grims law?
aspirated voiced stops becomes regular voiced stops, voiced stops becomes voicless stops and voicless stops become fricatives. .This happens in germanic, in greek and latin it happens in one stage. The sound changes were complete around the fifth centuryl
