old abr clinical Flashcards
When does organogenesis start?
3-8th week
pineal gland
in the brain, produces melatonin
pleural effusion
buildup of fleural fluid in lungs, caused by asbestos, diagnosed by xray
mastectomy lymph nodes extracted
first axillary node, rest if positive.
spleen function
removes old red blood cells, reserve of red bloodcells, synthesises anitbodies
kidney function/renal failure test
serum creatine test
foraen magnum
opening of the skull, medulla and vertebral arteries pas through
blood clot
thrombosis of emobli
thrombosis is locally blockage
emboli migrates from somewhere else and causes blockage
hematocrit
proportion of blood volume that are white blood cells
46% men and 38% women
patella
knee cap
vertebraes
c 7 t 12 l 5 s5 cocc 3-5
hialtal hernia
tear through diaphragm
pituatary gland
endocrine gland at the bottom of the hypothalamus, located in the cella tursica
breast cancer probable origins
ductal or lobes
most oxygenated blood
pleural vein
left ventrivle valvee
mitral
visual cortex
occipital lobe
circle of willis
circle of arteries in the brain
hilium
depression of pit where structures are attached
lung kidneys
blodcell production
bone marrow
earliest skin reaction to inonizing radiation
erythema
most radiosensitive phase
M metaphase
Neoplasm that doesnt grow
Benign
Dysplasia
abnormality in maturation of cells, restricted originating tissue
nerves moves muscles by
somatic nerve stimulation
adrenal glands
top of the kidneys, cortisal and adrenaline regulation, stress response.
grey matter
consists of cell bodies, some axons, capilaries, glial cells
glial cells
Are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.[1] In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia
glomeruli
Forms the basic filtration unit of the kidney
background dose
1 mSv/y excluding radion, including radon 3 mSv/y
plexus
area where nerves branch and rejoin
diaphragm openings
caval opening: inferior vena cava (vein from lower body to RA), branches of right phrenic nerve (T8)
esophageal hiatus: esophagus, vagal trunks, some arteries (T10)
aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein (T12)
lymph reenters the blood where
subclavian vein
wheres oestrogen produced
mostly ovaries
teratogenesis
abnormal development
fibromyalgia
basically chronic flue
Hypoglycemia
lower than normal blood glucose
Parathyroids
regulates the calcium in the blood
Use of the platelets
blood clotting
calcaneus
heel bone
brain 60gy
late effect possible necrosis
liver functions
bile, filtration, protein synthesis.
most food absorbed
small intestine
water is absorbed
large intestine
liver lobes
4
lung lobes
3 right 2 left
Synovial
fluids that lubricate joints
Dose to cause skin erythmea
5 gy
Where are the islets of langerhans
pancreas
What is the primary function of the cerebellum ?
motor skills, coordination of voluntary movements and balance
Corpus Callosum
a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
What does the hypothalamus do/or excrete?
it controls pituitary output by secreting specific chemicals to pituitary’s front lobe; also controls body weight and appetite
Damage what part of inner ear affects balance?
semicircular tube
Order of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
What prominent land mark is the iliac crest associated with
L4/L5
what and where is the Cauda Equina
The bundles of Nerves coming out of the ending of the spinal cord, located around L1-L2.
What is the vessel that helps to get nutrients to the liver (blood vessel)
Hepatic artery supply oxygen to liver
Hepatic portal vein is the vessel get nutrients to the liver
What modality is most effective for imaging gallstones
US
The purpose of taking of a XXXXX creatinine reading of somebody before you give them contrast is insure the patient doesnt do what?
kidney failure, creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood
Where are glomeruli
Kidney
The most likely exam for a patient who is suspected of having kidney stones is a
CT (hysterosalpingogram )
Nerve cells move voluntary muscles by
motor(efferent nerves) nerves
What is radiation induced telangiectasia and what is it timing?
Small dilated blood vessels[1] near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter. Late effect of radiation damage to skinn. after 1-2 years.
If each of two arms of chromatin gets a break, what’s the most likely result? – dicentric, ring, anaphase bridge, telophase bridge?
Breaks in both arms of the same Pre-replication chromosome, results in Ring. (Ken) Additional info: Bushberg p820,
Survival curve n=4, D0 =1, what’s Dq
SF = n e^-D/D0
1=4 e^-Dq/1
Dq=ln(4)
Is less differentiated cell more or less radiosensitive than more differentiate cells like muscle and neuron?
In general yes. Stemcells are thought extremely radio-resistant.
What’s stochastic effect out of many symptoms?
Radiation carcinogenesis is a stochastic effect; that is probability of an effect increases with dose, with no dose threshold, but the severity of the efect is not dose related. Hereditary effects are also stochastic
What is the term for programmed cell death
Apoptosis
What are the four R’s of radiobiology
Reoxygenation,
Redistribution,
Repair,
Regeneration
Most radiosensitive part of cell division
Mitosis> G2 phase, most radioresistant is in late S phase (Hall p 54).
M -> G2 -> G1 -> S
Minimal dose required for transient erythema
2gy
What is Do (radiobiology)?
the mean lethal dose that leads cell population to 1/e
What is the most damaging product of radiation induced hydrolysis?
hydroxyl free radical (Hall p11-12) (Ken) H2O -> H2O+ + e-, H2O+ + H2O -> OH- H3O+
BEIR depends on
total dose.
Fractionation is used in
radiation therapy because of
Fractionation idea is to let: Normal tissue have time to recover because of repair and repopulation
and increase tumor damage because of reoxygenation and redistribution
Whats OER and why is it important
Oxygen Enhancement Ratio.
Oxygen promote free radical formation and induce irreversible damage to DNA
Most stable product of hydrolysis of water is
H2O2
OER and LET
OER decrease with higher LET
OER with doserate
OER increase with high doserate
Meiosis is production of
Chromosome devision for sexual reproduction
The BEIR V and the UNSCEAR (1986) estimate of the mutation doubling dose for human is
1 Sv
100 Gy acute dose, what type of death?
CNS
1 Gy to gonads, most likely result?
Temporary sterility
Permanent sterility is achieved at what dose
3.5 Gy to male and 2.5 Gy to female.
After 1Sv acute TBI what symptom
Bone marrow syndrome
At what dose to you experience GI syndrome
6-30Gy
What’s the earliest visible effect of radiation on skin?
erythema
. What’s the increased risk of cancer after X Gy of irradiation
5% / Gy or BEIR VII says 10% /Sv
Brain irradiation to 60Gy late effects
Necrosis or infarction
Dose limits. Dose to double cancer rate.
1.5Gy
what has highest entrance skin dose? Cardiac catheterization, abdominal CT, IVP, lumbar/sacral radiograph
Cardiac catheterization, relatively low doserate but done during longer time. (flouroscopy)
What’s least sensitive out of many organ types: muscle, skin, bone marrow, blood and cerebral neuron
muscle ->
skin ->
cerebral neuron ->
bone marrow
The suffix –ectomy means what
excision; resection
What’s “skyshine” in radiation shielding
Some radiation facilities are designed with little shielding in the ceiling above the linac. A problem may raise as a result of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere to points at ground level outside the treatment room. Stray radiation of this type is referred to as skyshine
Contamination lower detection limit
0.01 microcurie per 100 square centimeters of package surface
What’s the half life lower limit you have to test leakage;
The regulation is 10 CFR 35.67(f)
(f) A licensee need not perform a leak test on the following sources:
(1) Sources containing only byproduct material with a half-life of less than 30 days;
(2) Sources containing only byproduct material as a gas;
(3) Sources containing 3.7 MBq (100 µCi) or less of beta or gamma-emitting material or 0.37 MBq (10 µCi) or less of alpha-emitting material;
(4) Seeds of iridium-192 encased in nylon ribbon; and
(5) Sources stored and not being used. However, the licensee shall test each such source for leakage before any use or transfer unless it has been leak tested within 6 months before the date of use or transfer.
The buccal cavity is another name for?
Mouth
Lens Dose Equivalent
The external exposure dose equivalent to the lens of the eye at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeters
Shallow-Dose Equivalent (SDE)
The external exposure dose equivalent to the skin or an extremity at a tissue depth of 0.007 centimeters (7 mg/cm2) averaged over an area of 1 square centimeter.
Deep-Dose Equivalent (DDE)
The external whole-body exposure dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000 mg/cm2).
Stenosis is
Narrowing of bloodvessle
What is small material in the blood stream that will clog an artery
emboli
What cardiac angiography can detect?
Cardic catheterization detects pressures and patterns of blood flow in the heart
What has -100 HU if water is 0?
Fat is around -90
What tumor has the highest HU number?
Osteoma (osteo=bone)
An EEG measures what
easures and records the electrical activity of your brain
What is a Sestamibi Scan
Tc 99m sestambi scan is used in persons who have MI(myocardia Infarction) to meassure amount of damaged tissue
whats Psoas Major
each of a pair of large muscles that run from the lumbar spine through the groin on either side and, with the iliacus, flex the hip.
10-15 week of pregnancy with 0.2Sv heighten risk of?
SHS (small head size) and mental retardation are the principle risks.
A fetus receives a dose of 2 Gy during weeks 15 - 39 of pregnancy. There is an increased risk of ?
Leukemia
Irradiation during what time during gestation is congenital malformations most likely to
occur?
18-45 days, during oganeogenisis
The cancer develops secondarily to AIDS
Kaposi’s sarcoma
From the inside out, the layers of the heart are
endocardium → myocardium → pericardium
Difference between sarcomas and carcinomas
A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed connective tissue cells. These cells
originate from embryonic mesoderm, or middle layer, which forms the bone, cartilage,
muscle and fat tissues.
This is in contrast to carcinomas, which originate in the epithelium. The epithelium
lines the surface of structures throughout the body, and is the origin of cancers in the
breast, colon, pancreas
What is an oligodendroglioma
Oligodendrogliomas are a type of gliomas that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults (9.4% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors) but are also found in children (4% of all primary
brain tumors).
Protein digestion begins in the
stomach
TI index for a yellow Radioactive II label
must not exceed 1 mrem h-1 (0.01 mSv h-1) @ 1m
