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Anatomy > old abr clinical > Flashcards

old abr clinical Flashcards

1
Q

When does organogenesis start?

A

3-8th week

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2
Q

pineal gland

A

in the brain, produces melatonin

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3
Q

pleural effusion

A

buildup of fleural fluid in lungs, caused by asbestos, diagnosed by xray

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4
Q

mastectomy lymph nodes extracted

A

first axillary node, rest if positive.

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5
Q

spleen function

A

removes old red blood cells, reserve of red bloodcells, synthesises anitbodies

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6
Q

kidney function/renal failure test

A

serum creatine test

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7
Q

foraen magnum

A

opening of the skull, medulla and vertebral arteries pas through

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8
Q

blood clot

A

thrombosis of emobli
thrombosis is locally blockage
emboli migrates from somewhere else and causes blockage

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9
Q

hematocrit

A

proportion of blood volume that are white blood cells

46% men and 38% women

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10
Q

patella

A

knee cap

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11
Q

vertebraes

A

c 7 t 12 l 5 s5 cocc 3-5

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12
Q

hialtal hernia

A

tear through diaphragm

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13
Q

pituatary gland

A

endocrine gland at the bottom of the hypothalamus, located in the cella tursica

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14
Q

breast cancer probable origins

A

ductal or lobes

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15
Q

most oxygenated blood

A

pleural vein

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16
Q

left ventrivle valvee

A

mitral

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17
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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18
Q

circle of willis

A

circle of arteries in the brain

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19
Q

hilium

A

depression of pit where structures are attached

lung kidneys

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20
Q

blodcell production

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

earliest skin reaction to inonizing radiation

A

erythema

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22
Q

most radiosensitive phase

A

M metaphase

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23
Q

Neoplasm that doesnt grow

A

Benign

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24
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormality in maturation of cells, restricted originating tissue

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25
Q

nerves moves muscles by

A

somatic nerve stimulation

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26
Q

adrenal glands

A

top of the kidneys, cortisal and adrenaline regulation, stress response.

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27
Q

grey matter

A

consists of cell bodies, some axons, capilaries, glial cells

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28
Q

glial cells

A

Are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.[1] In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

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29
Q

glomeruli

A

Forms the basic filtration unit of the kidney

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30
Q

background dose

A

1 mSv/y excluding radion, including radon 3 mSv/y

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31
Q

plexus

A

area where nerves branch and rejoin

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32
Q

diaphragm openings

A

caval opening: inferior vena cava (vein from lower body to RA), branches of right phrenic nerve (T8)
esophageal hiatus: esophagus, vagal trunks, some arteries (T10)
aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein (T12)

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33
Q

lymph reenters the blood where

A

subclavian vein

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34
Q

wheres oestrogen produced

A

mostly ovaries

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35
Q

teratogenesis

A

abnormal development

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36
Q

fibromyalgia

A

basically chronic flue

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37
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

lower than normal blood glucose

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38
Q

Parathyroids

A

regulates the calcium in the blood

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39
Q

Use of the platelets

A

blood clotting

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40
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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41
Q

brain 60gy

A

late effect possible necrosis

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42
Q

liver functions

A

bile, filtration, protein synthesis.

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43
Q

most food absorbed

A

small intestine

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44
Q

water is absorbed

A

large intestine

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45
Q

liver lobes

A

4

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46
Q

lung lobes

A

3 right 2 left

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47
Q

Synovial

A

fluids that lubricate joints

48
Q

Dose to cause skin erythmea

A

5 gy

49
Q

Where are the islets of langerhans

A

pancreas

50
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum ?

A

motor skills, coordination of voluntary movements and balance

51
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

52
Q

What does the hypothalamus do/or excrete?

A

it controls pituitary output by secreting specific chemicals to pituitary’s front lobe; also controls body weight and appetite

53
Q

Damage what part of inner ear affects balance?

A

semicircular tube

54
Q

Order of the small intestine

A

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

55
Q

What prominent land mark is the iliac crest associated with

A

L4/L5

56
Q

what and where is the Cauda Equina

A

The bundles of Nerves coming out of the ending of the spinal cord, located around L1-L2.

57
Q

What is the vessel that helps to get nutrients to the liver (blood vessel)

A

Hepatic artery supply oxygen to liver

Hepatic portal vein is the vessel get nutrients to the liver

58
Q

What modality is most effective for imaging gallstones

A

US

59
Q

The purpose of taking of a XXXXX creatinine reading of somebody before you give them contrast is insure the patient doesnt do what?

A

kidney failure, creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood

60
Q

Where are glomeruli

A

Kidney

61
Q

The most likely exam for a patient who is suspected of having kidney stones is a

A

CT (hysterosalpingogram )

62
Q

Nerve cells move voluntary muscles by

A

motor(efferent nerves) nerves

63
Q

What is radiation induced telangiectasia and what is it timing?

A

Small dilated blood vessels[1] near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter. Late effect of radiation damage to skinn. after 1-2 years.

64
Q

If each of two arms of chromatin gets a break, what’s the most likely result? – dicentric, ring, anaphase bridge, telophase bridge?

A

Breaks in both arms of the same Pre-replication chromosome, results in Ring. (Ken) Additional info: Bushberg p820,

65
Q

Survival curve n=4, D0 =1, what’s Dq

A

SF = n e^-D/D0
1=4 e^-Dq/1
Dq=ln(4)

66
Q

Is less differentiated cell more or less radiosensitive than more differentiate cells like muscle and neuron?

A

In general yes. Stemcells are thought extremely radio-resistant.

67
Q

What’s stochastic effect out of many symptoms?

A

Radiation carcinogenesis is a stochastic effect; that is probability of an effect increases with dose, with no dose threshold, but the severity of the efect is not dose related. Hereditary effects are also stochastic

68
Q

What is the term for programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

69
Q

What are the four R’s of radiobiology

A

Reoxygenation,
Redistribution,
Repair,
Regeneration

70
Q

Most radiosensitive part of cell division

A

Mitosis> G2 phase, most radioresistant is in late S phase (Hall p 54).
M -> G2 -> G1 -> S

71
Q

Minimal dose required for transient erythema

A

2gy

72
Q

What is Do (radiobiology)?

A

the mean lethal dose that leads cell population to 1/e

73
Q

What is the most damaging product of radiation induced hydrolysis?

A

hydroxyl free radical (Hall p11-12) (Ken) H2O -> H2O+ + e-, H2O+ + H2O -> OH- H3O+

74
Q

BEIR depends on

A

total dose.

75
Q

Fractionation is used in

radiation therapy because of

A

Fractionation idea is to let: Normal tissue have time to recover because of repair and repopulation
and increase tumor damage because of reoxygenation and redistribution

76
Q

Whats OER and why is it important

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio.

Oxygen promote free radical formation and induce irreversible damage to DNA

77
Q

Most stable product of hydrolysis of water is

A

H2O2

78
Q

OER and LET

A

OER decrease with higher LET

79
Q

OER with doserate

A

OER increase with high doserate

80
Q

Meiosis is production of

A

Chromosome devision for sexual reproduction

81
Q

The BEIR V and the UNSCEAR (1986) estimate of the mutation doubling dose for human is

A

1 Sv

82
Q

100 Gy acute dose, what type of death?

A

CNS

83
Q

1 Gy to gonads, most likely result?

A

Temporary sterility

84
Q

Permanent sterility is achieved at what dose

A

3.5 Gy to male and 2.5 Gy to female.

85
Q

After 1Sv acute TBI what symptom

A

Bone marrow syndrome

86
Q

At what dose to you experience GI syndrome

A

6-30Gy

87
Q

What’s the earliest visible effect of radiation on skin?

A

erythema

88
Q

. What’s the increased risk of cancer after X Gy of irradiation

A

5% / Gy or BEIR VII says 10% /Sv

89
Q

Brain irradiation to 60Gy late effects

A

Necrosis or infarction

90
Q

Dose limits. Dose to double cancer rate.

A

1.5Gy

91
Q

what has highest entrance skin dose? Cardiac catheterization, abdominal CT, IVP, lumbar/sacral radiograph

A

Cardiac catheterization, relatively low doserate but done during longer time. (flouroscopy)

92
Q

What’s least sensitive out of many organ types: muscle, skin, bone marrow, blood and cerebral neuron

A

muscle ->
skin ->
cerebral neuron ->
bone marrow

93
Q

The suffix –ectomy means what

A

excision; resection

94
Q

What’s “skyshine” in radiation shielding

A

Some radiation facilities are designed with little shielding in the ceiling above the linac. A problem may raise as a result of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere to points at ground level outside the treatment room. Stray radiation of this type is referred to as skyshine

95
Q

Contamination lower detection limit

A

0.01 microcurie per 100 square centimeters of package surface

96
Q

What’s the half life lower limit you have to test leakage;

A

The regulation is 10 CFR 35.67(f)

(f) A licensee need not perform a leak test on the following sources:
(1) Sources containing only byproduct material with a half-life of less than 30 days;
(2) Sources containing only byproduct material as a gas;
(3) Sources containing 3.7 MBq (100 µCi) or less of beta or gamma-emitting material or 0.37 MBq (10 µCi) or less of alpha-emitting material;
(4) Seeds of iridium-192 encased in nylon ribbon; and
(5) Sources stored and not being used. However, the licensee shall test each such source for leakage before any use or transfer unless it has been leak tested within 6 months before the date of use or transfer.

97
Q

The buccal cavity is another name for?

A

Mouth

98
Q

Lens Dose Equivalent

A

The external exposure dose equivalent to the lens of the eye at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeters

99
Q

Shallow-Dose Equivalent (SDE)

A

The external exposure dose equivalent to the skin or an extremity at a tissue depth of 0.007 centimeters (7 mg/cm2) averaged over an area of 1 square centimeter.

100
Q

Deep-Dose Equivalent (DDE)

A

The external whole-body exposure dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000 mg/cm2).

101
Q

Stenosis is

A

Narrowing of bloodvessle

102
Q

What is small material in the blood stream that will clog an artery

A

emboli

103
Q

What cardiac angiography can detect?

A

Cardic catheterization detects pressures and patterns of blood flow in the heart

104
Q

What has -100 HU if water is 0?

A

Fat is around -90

105
Q

What tumor has the highest HU number?

A

Osteoma (osteo=bone)

106
Q

An EEG measures what

A

easures and records the electrical activity of your brain

107
Q

What is a Sestamibi Scan

A

Tc 99m sestambi scan is used in persons who have MI(myocardia Infarction) to meassure amount of damaged tissue

108
Q

whats Psoas Major

A

each of a pair of large muscles that run from the lumbar spine through the groin on either side and, with the iliacus, flex the hip.

109
Q

10-15 week of pregnancy with 0.2Sv heighten risk of?

A

SHS (small head size) and mental retardation are the principle risks.

110
Q

A fetus receives a dose of 2 Gy during weeks 15 - 39 of pregnancy. There is an increased risk of ?

A

Leukemia

111
Q

Irradiation during what time during gestation is congenital malformations most likely to
occur?

A

18-45 days, during oganeogenisis

112
Q

The cancer develops secondarily to AIDS

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

113
Q

From the inside out, the layers of the heart are

A

endocardium → myocardium → pericardium

114
Q

Difference between sarcomas and carcinomas

A

A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed connective tissue cells. These cells
originate from embryonic mesoderm, or middle layer, which forms the bone, cartilage,
muscle and fat tissues.
This is in contrast to carcinomas, which originate in the epithelium. The epithelium
lines the surface of structures throughout the body, and is the origin of cancers in the
breast, colon, pancreas

115
Q

What is an oligodendroglioma

A

Oligodendrogliomas are a type of gliomas that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults (9.4% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors) but are also found in children (4% of all primary
brain tumors).

116
Q

Protein digestion begins in the

A

stomach

117
Q

TI index for a yellow Radioactive II label

A

must not exceed 1 mrem h-1 (0.01 mSv h-1) @ 1m

Anatomy (13 decks)

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