OH & Water, Land, & Air (5) - End E1 Flashcards
What is the biggest user of water?
irrigation - produces 40% of the world’s food
What is consumptive water use? Non-consumptive?
withdrawing water from both surface and groundwater sources for human use and does not return the water to its original source
does not remove or only temporarily removes water from its original source then returns it
Who has the highest consumption of water in animal production?
cattle
What is soil erosion?
the breakdown, detachment, transport, and redistribution of soil particles by wind, water, or gravity
affects water, air, and soil quality
we are gaining it back in the U.S.
What are causes of soil degradation?
overgrazing
agriculture activities
What is desertification?
dryland regions become increasingly arid, losing their b bodies of water, vegetation, and wildlife
How much do drylands occupy?
half of the earth’s area and are home to 1/3 of the human population
What is the source, cause, and treatment of histoplasmosis?
source: commonly found in soil that contains bird and bat manure
cause: dimorphic fungi, histoplasmosa capsulatum
What is the source, cause, and treatment of anthrax?
source: outbreaks typically occur when livestock are grazing on neutral or slightly alkaline soil, dead animals, flood pastures via contaminated water
cause: bacillus anthracis, produces dormant spores that live in the environment for a long time
Look in depth about sources of infections for anthrax
How is soil a reservoir for tetanus?
tetanus toxemia caused by a neurotoxin produced by clostridium tetanus in necrotic tissue
horses and lambs
What does lockjaw look like on a patient?
furrowed brow, ears pulled together, lips drawn up, eyelids drawn
How do you treat tetanus?
antitoxin, curariform agents, tranquilizers, barbiturate sedatives
What is the source of blackleg?
clostridium chauvoei in soil, also found naturally in the intestinal tract of animals
What is the pathogenesis of blackleg?
organisms probably ingested, pass through the wall of the GI tract, gain access to bloodstream deposited in muscle
What are the symptoms of blackleg?
onset sudden, acute, severe lameness and marked depression
crepitant swellings develop in the hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck, or elsewhere
What is grass tetany?
caused by hypomagnesemia - hyper excitability, muscular spasms, convulsions, respiratory distress, collapse, death
Who is most susceptible to grass tetany?
adult lactating animals because of loss of Mg in milk
How can an animal get hypomagnesemia?
grazing on lush green pastures
Which countries have especially horrible air pollution?
India and China
What is the jet stream?
narrow band of strong wind in the upper atmosphere
What is air pollution?
defined as gaseous and particulate contaminates that are present in the Earth’s atmosphere
primary pollutants are emitted directly into the air
How do we get secondary pollutants?
primary pollutants emitted directly into the air, may react with one another, light and water while in the troposophere to form secondary pollutants
How many deaths are linked to air pollution?
4.2 million premature deaths globally
What is the Clean Air Act?
federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile forces
authorizes the EPA to set and enforce national ambient air quality standards
What are the 6 major criteria pollutants?
- carbon monoxide (CO)
- lead
- nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
- ozone O3
- sulfure dioxide
- particulate pollution
What leads to more frequent and sustained heat waves?
carbon dioxide
greenhouse gases
evidence for increased production or dispersion of airborne allergens
How does pollution correlate with higher blood pressure?
stronger odor and higher hydrogen sulfide concentrations
Which airborne disease is one of the biggest concerns for the livestock industry and then poultry?
airborne foot and mouth disease
low-pathogenic avian influenza virus
What is a cause of feline asthma?
indoor air quality
allergens in the air
How does feline asthma occur?
the narrowing of the airways occur when a cat’s immune system overreacts to the presence of an allergen and responds by releasing stimulants that cause inflammation and swelling of the sensitive tissue lining the bronchi and contraction of the surrounding muscle
What are some common allergens causing feline asthma?
tobacco smoke, dusty kitty litter
How do you treat feline asthma?
corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs, with or without bronchodilators to dilate the airways
What is canine allergic bronchitis?
an allergic reaction to something in the environment that causes an inflammatory response in the upper airways
usually something the dog has inhaled
What are symptoms of canine allergic bronchitis?
chronic dry, hacking cough
Who is more prone to getting canine allergic bronchitis, and how do you treat it?
older, small breeds
glucocorticoids and bronchodilators +/- antibiotics
