OEQ-2023 Flashcards
Which has visual side effects aggravated by dental light?
Gemfibrozil
LovaSTATIN inhibits:
HMG-CoA reductase
What medications cause activation of antithrombin 3?
Enoxaparin & Unfractioned heparain
Which medication is an antagonist of the protease activated receptor 1 inhibiting TRAP?
Vorapaxar (Zontivity)
Which medications can cause angioedema?
Sacubitril/Valsartan (Entestero)
(increased risk of angiodema when an ACE is used alongside an ARB)
What receptor does Losartan block?
AT1 receptor
ARB:
Angiotensin receptor blocker
What medication may increase triglycerides?
Colestipol (bile acid binding agent)
Which of the following would be considered a “moderate intensity” statin?
Atorvastatin 10mg
Riociguat can be classified in which group based on mechanism of action?
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator
Which of the following medication classes may cause hyperurecemia?
ATP citrate lyase inhibitor (Bempedoic acid) (ACL Inhibitor)
Which of the following medications can have injection site reactions?
Evolucumab (PCSK 9 inhibitor)
Which of the following medications can be given intravenously?
- Bivalirudin
- Cangrelor
- Unfractioned heparin
(all of the above)
Eplerenone works by by competitively blocking the action of aldosterone? (spiriolactone also does this)
Aldosterone
Which medication has a high risk for hyperkalemia?
Sacubitril/valsartan (entresto) & spironolactone
Glycoprotein 2b2a is invovledin what step of thrombus formation?
aggregation
Release by the kidneys & converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Renin
Vasoconstriction and proliferative action; bound by ANG II:
angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1)
What class of drug is a Captopril? What is an adverse reaction?
ACE inhibitor; cough
What type of drug is minoxidil? How does it work? What is an adverse reaction?
- Direct acting vasodilator
- Opens K+ ATP channels
- hair growth
(DOES NOT UASE HYPERKALEMIA)
Apixiban route of administration?
oral agent along with edoxaban and rivaroxaban
What is the route of administration of treprostinil?
Oral; inhalation; IV; Sub q
Receptor that endothelin-1 binds to; causes vaso/bronchoconstriction and increases aldosterone secretion:
ETa
According to WHO, What group is pulmonary arterial hypertension categorized in?
Group 1 (also called primary pulmonary hypertension)
What is the mechanism of action of NO?
Activates guanylyl cyclase and increases cGMP to cause vasodilation
What is the mechanism of action of nitroprusside?
increases intracellular nitric oxide concentration to cause smooth muscle relaxation
What is the mechanism of action felodipine?
Dihydropyradine calcium blocker; blocks L type calcium channels to LOWER intracellular calcium concentration and cause vasodilation; more selective in peripheral vasculature and more effecting for treating hypertension
What are the adverse effects of spironolactone?
aldosterone antagonist to decrease resoprtion and decrease blood volume
- hyperkalemia
- man boobs
- dry mouth
Slidenafil mechanism of action:
PDE5 inhibitor; causes vasodilation and also used to treat limp noodles
All drugs that end in “fil” such as sildenafil work to inhibit ____ to cause ____
PDE5; vasodilation
What is the mechanism of action of Bosentan
Endothelin 1 receptor antagonist (ETA) and decreases formation of IP3 to cause smooth muscle relaxation of vasodilation
All drugs that end in “Tan” are ____ antagonists and decreases formation of ____ to cause smooth muscle ____ or ____
ETA receptor antagonist; IP3; relaxation or vasodilation
What is the mechanism of action of fenofibrate?
agonist of PPAR alpha (nuclear receptor) increases transciption of lipoprotein lipase , and decreases VLDL and triglyceride levels
What is the function of PPAR alpha nuclear receptor?
increases synthesis of lipoprotein lipase
Ezemtimibe mechanism of action =
blocks cholesterol absorption by blocking NPC1L1 transport protein at enterocyte brush border
What is the first step in atherosclerosis:
- endothelial dynsfunction
Regarding the steps of atherosclerosis:
- _____ dysfunction
- ____ injury
- ____ deposits into vessel wall
- formation of ____
- _____ formation
- ______
- _____ formation
- ENDOTHELIAL dysfunction
- ENDOTHELIAL injury
- LDL deposits into vessel wall
- formation of FOAM CELLS
- FATTY STREAK formation
- INFLAMMATION
- FIBROUS CAP formation
Optimal level of LDL:
less than 100 mg/ dL
ASCVD info is used to estimate:
10 year risk for MI or stroke
Risk factors for atherosclerosis:
- smoking
- HTN
- HLP
- Diabetes
- Age
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
What drugs have the biggest effect on LDL?
Statins
(cannot use when pregnant)
PCSK-9 enzyme functions to:
promote the degradation of LDL receptors
(makes blood LDL receptors higher so we have drugs that inhibit this enzyme)
Warfarin coagulation parameter:
Monitored using INR/PT
The 4 G’s:
- decreased platelet activation & aggregation
- GPIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors (prevent platelet aggregation)
- Eptifabatide and tirofiban
Virchows triad:
- stasis
- vessel wall injury
- hyper coagulability
Intrinsic pathway information:
all components are present in the blood
Intrinsic pathway is monitored by:
aPTT
What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
2,7,9,10
Aspirin mechanism of action:
Cox 1 inhibitor
Heparin mechanism of action:
activates antithrombin II to bind both factor Xa and thrombin
Aminocaproic mechanism of action:
blocks conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
P2Y12 Inhibitor name:
Prasugral
Taladafil mechanism of action (remember this is a “fil”
PDE5 inhibitor
(also Slidenafil)
Anything that ends in “fil” is a:
PDE5 inhibitor
(vascular smooth muscle relaxation due to lowering intracellular calcium)
Bempedoic acid mechanism of action:
ACL inhibitor
Drugs that end in “entan” are :
Endothelin 1 receptor antagonist, used to treat pulmonary hypertension function class III and IV
What is the reason behind ACE inhibitors causing cough?
Bradykinin build up
What is responsible for platelet adhesion?
Von willebrand factor
What are the 3 steps in thrombus formation?
- Platelet adhesion (VWF)
- Platelet activation (ADP, TXA2, & thrombin)
- Platelet aggregation (GP 2b/3a)
Left sided heart failure resulting in pulmonary hypertension puts a patient in:
group 2
pulmonary arterial HTN (PAH) - PRIMARY pulmonary HTN, is categorized as:
group 1
Pulmonary HTN due to lung disease:
Group 3
Primary = group 1
Hefty lefty = group 2
Diseased girlies= group 3
Chronic girlies = group 4
Unclear girlies = group 5
Apixaban/edoxaban mechanism of action:
bind factor Xa and prevent conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Warfarin adverse effects:
taste disturbances & purple toes
Spironolactone mechanism of action:
aldosterone antagonist
Prasugrel mechanism of action:
P2Y12 inhibitor; antiPlatelet medication
(cangrelor, ticagrelor, clopidogrel)
Medications that in in Grel are ___ medications that inhibit ____
antiPlatelet; P2Y12
Tadalfil mechanism of action (hint: ends in “fil”)
PDE5 inhibitor
Inhibiting PDE5 (drugs that end in “fil”) work to:
increase intracellular cGMP which lowers intracellular calcium resulting in smooth muscle relaxation
Bile acid binding agents affects on triglyceride levels?
Increase triglyceride levels while decreasing LDL levels
Statin adverse effectsL
myopathy
(also hepatoxicity and contraindicate in pregnant ppl)
Aminocaproic acid mechanism of actin and how its administered:
Binds to plasminogen to inhibit plasma activation; used as mouthwash following dental surgery to prevent hemorrhage in patients taking oral anticoagulations
Amount of triglycerides in different molecules:
Chylomicrons have the highest then VLDL then LDL and then HDL
Sildenafil mechanism of action:
PDE5 inhibitor
Treprostinil route of administration?
oral, Inhalation, IV & Sub q
TREP:
Throw it in ur mouth
Really inhale
Extra powerful in the IV
Put this sub Q
Virchows triad:
- stasis
- vessel wall injury
- hypercoagulability
Vitamin K dependent clotting factors:
2,7,9,10
How do we evaluate warfarin?
INR/PT
Edoxaban mechanism of action:
inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin