ODA 9122 UW Terms

Question 1

Unconventional Warfare (UW) Definition

Answer 1

Activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area.

JP 3-05 (Joint Doctrine for Special Operations)

Question 2

Support to Resistance (STR) Definition

Answer 2

is a United States Government policy option to support foreign resistance actors that offers an alternative to a direct U.S. military intervention or formal political engagement in a conflict.

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 3

Components of a Resistance

Answer 3

• The underground
• The guerrilla force
• The auxiliary
• The public component

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 4

Guerrilla Force Definition

Answer 4

A group of irregular, predominantly indigenous personnel organized along military lines to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory.

JP 3-05 (Joint Doctrine for Special Operations)

Question 5

Auxiliary Definition

Answer 5

The support element of the irregular organization whose organization and operations are clandestine in nature and whose members do not openly indicate their sympathy or involvement with the irregular movement.

ADP 3-05 (Army Special Operations).

Question 6

Auxiliary Functions

Answer 6

Functions can take the form of logistics, labor, or intelligence collection. Auxiliary personnel assume the greatest risk, and the most expendable element within the insurgency. Auxiliary functions are like embryonic fluid that forms a protective layer, keeping the underground and guerrilla force alive.

Specific functions include the following:

• Logistics procurement and distribution (all classes of supply).
• Labor for special materiel fabrication.
• Security and early warning for underground facilities and guerrilla bases.
• Intelligence collection.
• Recruitment.
• Communications network staff, such as couriers and messengers.
• Influence product (or propaganda) distribution.
• Safe house management.
• Logistics and personnel transport.

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 7

Underground Definition

Answer 7

A cellular covert element within unconventional warfare that is compartmentalized and conducts covert or clandestine activities in areas normally denied to the auxiliary and the guerrilla force.

ADP 3-05 (Army Special Operations).

Question 8

Underground Functions

Answer 8

The underground has the ability to conduct operations
in areas that are often inaccessible to guerrillas. The underground can function in these areas because it operates in a clandestine manner. These personnel commit sabotage, intelligence gathering, and acts of deception through the action arm, intelligence, supply, and personnel sections.

Examples of typical underground functions:
– Intelligence and counterintelligence networks.
– Subversive radio stations.
– Information and influence networks that control newspaper or leaflet development, rumors, night letters, graffiti, webpages, and social media sites, blogs, and postings. Influence and information networks have traditionally been referred to as “propaganda” networks.
– Special materiel fabrication, such as false identification, explosives, weapons, and munitions.
– Control of networks for moving personnel and logistics.
– Individuals or groups that conduct acts of sabotage in urban centers.
– Clandestine medical facilities.

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 9

Public Component Definition

Answer 9

An overt political manifestation of a resistance.

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 10

Public Component Functions

Answer 10

-Responsible for negotiations with the state government or occupying power representatives on behalf of resistance movement objectives.
-Make overt appeals and organize efforts for support (domestic and international sympathizers
and stakeholders).

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 11

Favorable Resistance Movement Characteristics

Answer 11

1. Willingness to Cooperate with US
2. Compatible OBJ and Ideologies
3. Capable resistance Leadership

Question 12

Feasibility Assessment For US Sponsorship of STR

CRITICALITY OF THE FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT

Answer 12

1. POLITICAL FEASIBILITY OF UNITED STATES SPONSORSHIP
2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY OF SUPPORT TO RESISTANCE
3. RESISTANCE CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
4. FEASIBILITY TO CONDUCT UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE

ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 13

UW end states (JP 3-05)

Answer 13

a. Coercion – forcing someone to do something they’d rather not
b. Disruption – prevents or impedes someone from doing something
c. Overthrow – resistance inherits political control

Question 14

2 forms of warfare in UW Terms

Answer 14

a. Traditional (General) - goal is to facilitate eventual introduction of conventional forces
b. Irregular (Limited) – Without the benefit of a conventional invasion force, the resistance forces must limit overt exposure of their forces and supporting infrastructure in order to sustain operations over protracted period

Question 15

Preparation

Answer 15

• Begins with POTUS and/or SECDEF approval to execute UW
• Must begin with a complete Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (IOPE)
• Includes 10 targeting to interagency efforts to determine goals, capabilities, and liabilities before making initial contact
• Analysis of political or military agendas, factional relationships, and external political ties
• The USG begins Military Information Support Operations (MISO) as far in advance as possible

Question 16

Initial Contact

Answer 16

• Before USG renders suppor,t it establishes contact with resistance representatives to asses compatibility of interests and objectives
• Planners may arrange for a Pilot Team reception
• Pilot Team is a deliberately structured organization comprised of SF members likely augmented with interagency personnel

• The Pilot Teams mission is to asses designated areas to determine the feasibility of developing the resistance potential and to establish contact with indigenous leaders (Human Terrain Analysis)

Question 17

Infiltration

Answer 17

• The Pilot Team clandestinely infiltrates into the operational area
• Infiltration is not complete until the initial entry report is sent to the JSOTF or SOTF
• The Pilot Team meets the resistance organization and conducts or
confirms a feasibility assessment. The Pilot Team may coordinate for the infiltration of a follow on SFOD

Question 18

Organization

Answer 18

• The SF unit begins to develop the capability of the irregular force
• SF personnel establish rapport with the local leadership by showing an understanding of, confidence in, and concern for the resistance organization and its cause
• When working with an irregular force, the leader and the SF unit
commander must agree upon C2 arrangements
• Detachment members normally advise and assist counterpart irregular
leaders
• In some situations, SF members may actually direct some activities
• The SF unit commander should consider the following factors when advising the resistance leadership concerning organization
• Effectiveness of existing resistance organization
• Extent of cooperation between the resistance organization and the local populace
• Level of hostile activity and security measures
• Political boundaries, natural terrain features, potential targets, population density, and other characteristics of the OE
• Religious, ethnic, political, and ideological differences among elements of the population and competing resistance organizations
• Proposed type and scope of combat operations
• Degree of U.S influence with the resistance organization

Question 19

Build-Up

Answer 19

■ Involves expanding the irregular elements and their activities
• Tasks: infiltration, procurement of equipment and supplies to support the expansion and subsequent combat operations
■ Resistance cadre expands into an effective organization that can
conduct combat operations (successful missions lead to an increase in recruitment - “ConfidenceTargets’)
• Operations must maintain a balance of the potential 2nd/3rd order
effects, especially when the governing bodies’ threshold of tolerance or
violence is exceeded.

Question 20

Employment

Answer 20

• Indigenous or other irregular forces are increasingly used in a combat or hostile environment; possibly in support of GPF effort
• These operations build in scope and size to support the objectives of the area command and the theater commander.
• Operations with the Gs designed to drain the hostile power’s morale and resources
• Overall the organization conducts combat operations to achieve its strategic politico-military objectives

Question 21

Transition

Answer 21

• Last, most difficult, and most sensitive phase of UW operations
• Transition planning should begin when the USG decides to sponsor a resistance organization and ends in the JSOA.
• The new government must ensure the public security and to return to a functional civil structure based on the rule of law
• The new government must make every effort to reorient fonner resistance members into a peaceful society and gain their trust. SF may serve as COIN trainers or advisors
• This phase involves a shift in thinking from defeating the adversary regime toward protecting the newly installed government and its security personnel

Question 22

Resistance Movement Definition

Answer 22

An organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.

JP 3-05 (Joint Doctrine for Special Operations)

Question 23

Clandestine operation Definition

Answer 23

An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment.

JP 3-05 (Joint Doctrine for Special Operations)

Question 24

Covert operation Definition

Answer 24

An action of activity that is planned and executed to conceal the identity of, or permit plausible deniability by, the sponsor.

JP 3-05 (Joint Doctrine for Special Operations)

Question 25

Denied Area Definition

Answer 25

An area under enemy or unfriendly control in which friendly forces cannot expect to operate successfully within existing operational constraints and force capabilities. JP 3-05 (Joint Doctrine for Special Operations)

Question 26

Insurgency Definition

Answer 26

The organized use of subversion and violence to seize, nullify, or challenge political control of a region. Insurgency can also refer to the group itself. JP 3-24 (Counterinsurgency)

Question 27

Subversion Definition

Answer 27

Actions designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a governing authority. Subversion generally connotes the actions directed at humans beings and meant to undermine the sources of political power. whereas sabotage generally connotes actions directed at physical things and processes and meant to undermine the sources of material power. (ATP 3.18.1) JP 3-24 (Counterinsurgency)

Question 28

Sabotage Definition

Answer 28

An act or acts with intent to injure, interfere with, or obstruct the national defense of a country by willfully injuring or destroying, or attempting to injure or destroy, any national defense or war materiel, premises, or utilities, to include human and natural resources. Sabotage is technically a component of subversion because it consists of actions that do contribute to undermining of the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a governing authority. ATP 3-05.1 (Unconventional Warfare at the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force Level)

Question 29

Area Complex Definition

Answer 29

A clandestine, dispersed network of facilities to support resistance activities in a given area designed to achieve security, control, dispersion, and flexibility. ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 30

ENEMY-CONTROLLED ZONE (ZONE C)

Answer 30

The enemy-controlled zone designates all areas in the operational area that are outside of routine resistance local control and/or observation (for example, outside of Zones B and A). It is where the enemy is the strongest, has the most repressive security, and has the most popular support. Resistance presence in this zone is relatively sporadic and higher risk. Resistance elements will attempt to gain early warning on these zones by clandestine information-gathering activities. Typically, the resistance will be required to go underground or use clandestine methods to remain in or pass through these areas. Those areas in which there is no resistance presence whatsoever and about which neither enemy nor resistance status are known (such as beyond observation) can be included with Zone C. ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 31

OUTER SECURITY ZONE (ZONE B)

Answer 31

The outer security zone is vitally important to a guerrilla force. The local guerrilla forces and the civilian support infrastructure are organized and developed in the outer security zone. This area serves as the primary source of recruits for the guerrilla force. The outer zone also serves as the first line of in-depth security and defense for the area complex. Resistance elements in this area are responsible for providing the area command with timely and accurate information on enemy activities within the zone. Local guerrillas are the resistance element responsible for the zone’s control and defense. This element is also responsible for the conduct of operations within the zone. The local guerrilla forces organize, employ, and serve as part of the civilian support element. The civilian support element gathers current information and intelligence and provides logistics, PSYOP, and operational support to the regular guerrilla forces and the area command. The initial screening, selection, and training of new resistance members takes place in this zone. The most promising and trusted recruits are then selected for membership in the regular or full-time guerrilla forces. ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 32

INNER SECURITY ZONE (ZONE A)

Answer 32

The inner security zone encompasses the base camp of the regular or full-time guerrilla forces. These forces defend and control the zone, and they are constantly mobile within the area. The primary mission of the guerrilla forces operating in this zone is to temporarily delay any penetration made by the enemy. They watch trails and avenues of approach. They use observation posts or listening posts, fixed fighting positions, and pre-positioned obstacles, such as wire and minefields to delay enemy forces. They employ harassment, ambushes, sniping, and other interdiction tactics and practice rapid withdrawal procedures. These tactics increase the in-depth defense of the area complex. They should also use command-detonated anti-vehicular and antipersonnel mines as needed. Guerrilla forces may place mines along probable enemy vehicular and personnel avenues of approach, such as trails, creeks, and riverbeds. The guerrillas must avoid, at all costs, becoming decisively engaged while carrying out their delaying and defensive mission. Civilians do not normally occupy the inner security zone; therefore, it may serve as an area of food cultivation for the guerrilla population. ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 33

SUPPLEMENTARY COMPONENTS OF THE RESISTANCE MODEL

Answer 33

``` Leadership and command The area complex The base population The shadow government The diaspora population The government-in-exile ``` ATP 3-05.1 (Unconventional Warfare at the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force Level)

Question 34

Pilot Team Definition

Answer 34

A deliberately structured composite organization comprised of Special Forces operational detachment members, with likely augmentation by interagency or other skilled personnel, designed to infiltrate a designated area to conduct sensitive preparation of the environment activities and assess the potential to conduct unconventional warfare in support of U.S. objectives. ATP 3-05.1 (Unconventional Warfare at the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force Level)

Question 35

Pilot Team Jobs

Answer 35

Pilot teams have two different potential functions: as primarily a feasibility assessment team or as primarily a vanguard team for a larger planned force ATP 3-18.1 (Special Forces Unconventional Warfare)

Question 36

Dynamics of a Successful Resistance

Answer 36

``` Leadership. Ideology. Objectives (strategic, operational and tactical). Environment and geography. External support. Phasing and timing (using the protracted war model these include strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive). Organization and operational patterns. ``` ATP 3-05.1 (Unconventional Warfare at the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force Level)

Question 37

Irregular Warfare Definition

Answer 37

A violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant population. In IW, a less powerful adversary seeks to disrupt or negate the military capabilities and advantages of a more powerful military force, which usually serves that nation’s established government. JP 1 (Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States)

Question 38

Traditional warfare Definition

Answer 38

characterized as a violent struggle for domination between nation-states or coalitions and alliances of nation-states. With the increasingly rare case of formally declared war, traditional warfare typically involves force-on-force military operations in which adversaries employ a variety of conventional forces and special operations forces (SOF) against each other in all physical domains as well as the information environment (which includes cyberspace). JP 1 (Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States)