Ocular Pharmacology Flashcards
Reversed
Gradual loss of peripheral vision (usually bilateral). Progression to tunnel vision.
primary open-angle glaucoma
Reversed
Eye pain, N/V, sudden low light visual disturbance, blurred vision, light halos, reddening of the eyes.
acute angle-closure glaucoma
Reversed
IOP, age, ethnicity white/american?, family, corticosteroid eye drops.
Risks of glaucoma
Reversed
Act on ciliary epithelium - reduce aqueous production. No effect on outflow. Tx - chronic open-angle glaucoma, ocular HTN. AEs - cold extremeties, bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue.
beta blockers
Reversed
inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II in the eye, decreases HCO3-, decreases aqeous production. Tx - open-angle glaucoma, intraocular HTN. AE - electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, urolithiasis.
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Reversed
Decrease production and increase outflow of aqueous. AE - irregular HR, fatigue, dry mouth, red, itchy, swollen eyes.
alpha-2 agonists
Reversed
Close angle glaucoma - contraction of sphincter muscles to increase angle of sclera and iris. Open angle glaucoma - contraction of ciliary muscles to increase flow through intratrabecular spaces. AEs - myosis, cyclospasm
cholinergic agents (mitotic agents)
Reversed
PGF2a analog. Tx - open-angle glaucoma, ocular HTN. AE - iris darkening, macular retinal edema.
prostaglandin analogues
Reversed
Decrease aqueous production via vasoconstriction/ low blood flow to ciliary bodies. Tx - open-angle glaucoma.
non-selective adrenergic agents
Reversed
Direct acting cholinergic. Emergency use. +AE: paradoxical hypertension and tachycardia.
Pilocarpine
Reversed
Direct acting cholinergic. +AE - strong nicotinic activity - widespread autonomic disturbance if goes systemic.
Carbachol
Reversed
Indirect acting cholinergic. +AE - crosses BBB, can cause seizures and abnormal defacation.
Physostigmine
Reversed
Indirect acting cholinergic. +AE - can cause night blindness and frontal headache.
Echothiophate
Reversed
B1-selective. Weak membrane stabilizing effects. +AE - AV block, myocardial infarct
Betaxolol
Reversed
Non-selective. +AE - insomnia, bronchospasm.
Carteolol
Reversed
Non-selective. +AE - confusion, dry eyes, blurred vision, hallucination, bronchospasm.
Timolol
Reversed
Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous.
Latanoprost
Reversed
Increased trabecular meshwork outflow. +AE - conjunctival hyperemia.
Bimatoprost
Reversed
+AE - conjunctival hyperemia.
Travoprost
Reversed
CAI. +AE - especial electrolyte imbalance, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia.
Acetazolamide
Reversed
CAI
Brinzolamide
Reversed
CAI. +AE - immune hypersensitivity reactions, burning in eye, visual discomfort.
Dorzolamide
Reversed
Given pre- and Post-surgery to lower IOP. +AE - depression, dizziness, chest pain. +AE - somnolence, syncope, xerostomia. Contraindicated in children.
Apraclonidine
Reversed
Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous. Open-angle and ocular HTN. +AE - somnolence, syncope, xerostomia. Contraindicated in children.
Bromonidine
Reversed
Prodrug to epinephrine within eye. +AE - burning eye, follicular conjunctiva.
Dipivefrin
Reversed
+AE - mydriasis, stinging. Contraindicated in closed-angle glaucoma.
Epinephrine
