Ocular Pharmacology

Question 1

Reversed

Gradual loss of peripheral vision (usually bilateral). Progression to tunnel vision.

Answer 1

primary open-angle glaucoma

Question 2

Reversed

Eye pain, N/V, sudden low light visual disturbance, blurred vision, light halos, reddening of the eyes.

Answer 2

acute angle-closure glaucoma

Question 3

Reversed

IOP, age, ethnicity white/american?, family, corticosteroid eye drops.

Answer 3

Risks of glaucoma

Question 4

Reversed

Act on ciliary epithelium - reduce aqueous production. No effect on outflow. Tx - chronic open-angle glaucoma, ocular HTN. AEs - cold extremeties, bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue.

Answer 4

beta blockers

Question 5

Reversed

inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II in the eye, decreases HCO3-, decreases aqeous production. Tx - open-angle glaucoma, intraocular HTN. AE - electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, urolithiasis.

Answer 5

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 6

Reversed

Decrease production and increase outflow of aqueous. AE - irregular HR, fatigue, dry mouth, red, itchy, swollen eyes.

Answer 6

alpha-2 agonists

Question 7

Reversed

Close angle glaucoma - contraction of sphincter muscles to increase angle of sclera and iris. Open angle glaucoma - contraction of ciliary muscles to increase flow through intratrabecular spaces. AEs - myosis, cyclospasm

Answer 7

cholinergic agents (mitotic agents)

Question 8

Reversed

PGF2a analog. Tx - open-angle glaucoma, ocular HTN. AE - iris darkening, macular retinal edema.

Answer 8

prostaglandin analogues

Question 9

Reversed

Decrease aqueous production via vasoconstriction/ low blood flow to ciliary bodies. Tx - open-angle glaucoma.

Answer 9

non-selective adrenergic agents

Question 10

Reversed

Direct acting cholinergic. Emergency use. +AE: paradoxical hypertension and tachycardia.

Answer 10

Pilocarpine

Question 11

Reversed

Direct acting cholinergic. +AE - strong nicotinic activity - widespread autonomic disturbance if goes systemic.

Answer 11

Carbachol

Question 12

Reversed

Indirect acting cholinergic. +AE - crosses BBB, can cause seizures and abnormal defacation.

Answer 12

Physostigmine

Question 13

Reversed

Indirect acting cholinergic. +AE - can cause night blindness and frontal headache.

Answer 13

Echothiophate

Question 14

Reversed

B1-selective. Weak membrane stabilizing effects. +AE - AV block, myocardial infarct

Answer 14

Betaxolol

Question 15

Reversed

Non-selective. +AE - insomnia, bronchospasm.

Answer 15

Carteolol

Question 16

Reversed

Non-selective. +AE - confusion, dry eyes, blurred vision, hallucination, bronchospasm.

Answer 16

Timolol

Question 17

Reversed

Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous.

Answer 17

Latanoprost

Question 18

Reversed

Increased trabecular meshwork outflow. +AE - conjunctival hyperemia.

Answer 18

Bimatoprost

Question 19

Reversed

+AE - conjunctival hyperemia.

Answer 19

Travoprost

Question 20

Reversed

CAI. +AE - especial electrolyte imbalance, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia.

Answer 20

Acetazolamide

Question 21

Reversed

CAI

Answer 21

Brinzolamide

Question 22

Reversed

CAI. +AE - immune hypersensitivity reactions, burning in eye, visual discomfort.

Answer 22

Dorzolamide

Question 23

Reversed

Given pre- and Post-surgery to lower IOP. +AE - depression, dizziness, chest pain. +AE - somnolence, syncope, xerostomia. Contraindicated in children.

Answer 23

Apraclonidine

Question 24

Reversed

Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous. Open-angle and ocular HTN. +AE - somnolence, syncope, xerostomia. Contraindicated in children.

Answer 24

Bromonidine

Question 25

Reversed

Prodrug to epinephrine within eye. +AE - burning eye, follicular conjunctiva.

Answer 25

Dipivefrin

Question 26

Reversed

+AE - mydriasis, stinging. Contraindicated in closed-angle glaucoma.

Answer 26

Epinephrine