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Pharmacology > General Anesthetics > Flashcards

General Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

loss of consciousness, amnesia, immobility

A

anesthesia

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2
Q

loss of pain sensation

A

analgesia

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3
Q

analgesia, amnesia, euphoria

A

Stage 1: anesthesia

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4
Q

Excitement, delirium, combative behavior

A

Stage 2: excitement

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5
Q

unconscious, regular respiration, decreasing eye movement

A

Stage 3: surgical anesthesia

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6
Q

respiratory arrest, cardiac depression/arrest, no eye movement

A

Stage 4: medullary depression

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7
Q

theory that the function of the excitable membrane protein is modified by dissolved anesthetics.

A

lipid theory

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8
Q

Mayerton-overton rule, hyperbaric pressure He can reverse anesthesia.

A

support lipid theory

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9
Q

Enantiomers have differential anesthetic potencies. Some chemical analogues of known anesthetics do not cause anesthesia.

A

counter lipid theory

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10
Q

cuases both significant enhancement of inhibition and inhibition of excitation

A

inhaled anesthetics

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11
Q

Inhibit excitatory NDMA and nicotinic receptors.

A

cyclopropane and ketamine, volatile NO and Xenon

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12
Q

enhancement of GABA transmission. Adrenocortical depression. Pain at injection site. Less CV and resp. depression than thiopental.

A

etomidate

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13
Q

rate of equilibration of inhaled anesthetics depends on what three things?

A

ventilation rate, plasma solubility, lipophilic character

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14
Q

preoperative anxiety and separation anxiety in children

A

midazolam

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15
Q

IV anesthetic. Enhances GABA. Rapid onset, recovery and no cumulative effects.

A

Propofol

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16
Q

most frequently used drug for induction of anesthesia, also used for maintenance in OR and ICU

A

Propofol

17
Q

produces apnea after and induction dose

A

Propofol

18
Q

Enhance GABA. Fast onset, slow recovery – hangover. Liver metabolized.

A

Barbiturates – Thiopental, Methohexital

19
Q

routine induction agent. Tx – ICP and neuronal protection from focal cerebral ischemia. AE – vasoconstriction – gangrene, contraindicated in intermittent porphyria.

A

Barbiturates – Thiopental, Methohexital

20
Q

perioperative anxiolytics. Anterograde amnesia, sedative hypnotic, antiseizure, anesthesia. Increase of GABA

A

BZ – diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam

21
Q

OD of BZ give…

A

Flumazenil

22
Q

IV NMDA inhibitor. Profound analgesia, stimulation of sympathetic NS, bronchodilation and minimal respiratory depression. AE – lacrimation, salivation, raised ICP.

A

ketamine

23
Q

minimize hallucinations, vivid dreams, euphoria by combining ketamine with…

A

BZ – diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam

24
Q

alternative to propofol and barbs for rapid IV induction of anesthesia.

A

Etomidate

25
Q

Alpha-2 agonist. Adjunct to gen anesthesia. Short term sedation of intubated ventilated pts ICU. AE – heart block, bradycardia, asystole.

A

Dexmedetomidine

26
Q

Inhaled agents currently in use.

A

halothane, NO, isoflurane, enflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane.

27
Q

volatile hepatotoxic, and malignant hyperthermia

A

halothane

28
Q

produce signs of B12 deficiency – megaloblastic anemia. Outpt dental. Adjunct. AE – pneumothorax, post-op nausea.

A

NO

29
Q

induction of anesthesia in children, maintenance in adults. Volatile. - sensitizes myocardium to catecholamines – arrythmias

A

Halothane

30
Q

faster onset and recovery than halothane. Mostly maintenance. Isoniazid enhances metabolism. Requires MAC – less if administered with NO or opioids. AE – muscle relaxant, hypotension, seizure

A

Enflurane

31
Q

similar to enflurane but no proconvulsive properties. Precipitates myocardial ischemia in pts with CAD. Airway irritant

A

Isoflurane

32
Q

Maintenance. Airway irritant. Faster onset and recovery than isoflurane.

A

Desflurane

33
Q

No airway irritation – except when reactant with baralyme. Widely used inhaled induction – especially in children.

A

Sevoflurane

34
Q

allows pt to skip stages 1 and 2 of anesthesia

A

thiopental with inhaled anesthetic

35
Q

maximize NO benefits while minimizing adverse effects.

A

NO with Isoflurane

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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