Ocular Exam Part II Flashcards
what are some indications for tear testing?
mucoid discharge
recurrent ulcers
corneal pigmentation. vascularization, etc
unexplained blinking, squinting
what does schirmer tear testing measure?
production of aqueous component of tears
what can changes in pupil size be due to?
ocular disease
neurologic disease
medications
normal aging
what is miosis?
small pupil
what two primary stains are used for corneal staining usually?
fluorescein
rose bengal
what are some indications for corneal staining?
squinting, blinking
discharge
red eye
abnormal appearance to cornea
what should you use to examine for fluorescein staining?
cobalt blue filter
can also use woods lamp
what will fluoroscein not stain?
descemet’s membrane
epithelium
edematous tissue
melting tissue
how much should intra-ocular pressure differ between eyes?
no more than 6 mmHg
how long does tropicamide take to maximum effect?
30 minutes
how do anterior opacities move?
same direction as eye movement
what makes up the fundus?
retina
optic disc/optic nerve head
what are the pros of direct ophthalmoscopy?
easier image, upright
more magnification
equipment readily available
how quickly can elevated intraocular pressure cause irreversible blindness?
30 mins
which breeds are predisposed to glaucoma?
cocker
basset
husky
boston
chow
what is a contraindication for tear testing?
deep ulcers
when should tear testing be done?
before anything else is put in eye
what affects tear production?
topical anesthetic
general anesthesia or sedation
pain, contact with eyes
other drugs
does normal schirmer tear testing rule out all forms of KCS?
no
what are options for topical anesthetics?
proparacaine
tetracaine
lidocaine: more toxic
what can changes in pupil size be due to?
ocular disease
neurologic disease
medications
normal aging
what is dyscoria?
abnormally sized pupil
what can mydriasis be due to?
decreased vision and/or increased IOP
PRA, retinal detachment, SARDS
glaucoma
anxiety
can dazzle reflex be altered by inability to blink?
yes
can you have a dazzle and be blind?
yes
not dependent on higher brain centers
when might PLR be absent or decreased in a visual eye?
synechiae
iris atrophy/age
fear
drugs
what can corneal staining provide?
assess corneal defects
information on tear film stability
what does flare indicate?
something in aqueous humor that shouldn’t be there
protein, lipids, blood, cells
what value of IOP would be high in a dog or cat?
> 24 mmHg
what can you use to dilate eyes?
tropicamide
atropine
cyclopentolate, scopolamine
