October Test Flashcards
What are the three types of CONFORMITY?
Compliance
Identification
Internalisation
Define COMPLIANCE
Publicly conforming to the behaviours or views of others, but privately maintaining one’s own views.
Deine IDENTIFICATION
Adopting the behaviors or views of a group both publicly and privately as you value group membership (identify with them).
HOWEVER, this is only temporary and is not maintained on leaving the group.
Define INTERNALISATION
A real change of private views to match those of the group.
What are the two explanations of CONFORMITY?
Informational Social Influence (ISI)
Normative Social Influence (NSI)
What is ISI?
Conforming to gain knowledge or be ‘right’.
Why does ISI happen?
- To act appropriately
- To avoid standing out
What is NSI?
Conforming to be accepted and belong to a group.
Why does NSI happen?
- Socially rewarding
- Avoid punishment
Compliance results from ISI/NSI?
NSI
Internalisation results from ISI/NSI?
ISI
What research supports ISI?
Sherif’s study/ experiment
What research supports NSI?
Asch’s study/ experiment
What were the three variations of Asch’s research?
Group size
Unanimity
Task Difficulty
Give three evaluation points of Asch’s research:
-> Lacks ecological validity (not so realistic of real-world conformity)
-> White American male sample (ethnocentric and culture biased)
-> Beta bias (androcentric and gender-biased)
-> Unethical (level of deception)
-> Low % of conformity… good evidence?
What were Asch’s results?
6 control, 12 critical, 18 altogether.
Control = confederates gave correct answers = 0.7% error rate.
Critical = confederates gave wrong answers = 32% error rate.
74% of participants conformed at least once on the 12 critical trials.
26% never conformed.
What experiment showed conformity to social roles?
Zimbardo’s (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment
What did Zimbardo want to investigate?
How readily people conform to the expectations they have about social roles.
Give 3 evaluation points about Zimbardo’s research:
-> Individual personality differences were helped to rule out (eg. mental health + random allocation)
-> High internal validity (90% prisoner’s conversations about prison life)
-> Zimbardo exaggeration? Minimizing personality factors?
-> Reliable? The replication of Zimbardo’s experiment found other results.
-> Unethical, psychological distress.
What did Milgram want to find out?
Obedience
Whether ordinary Americans would obey an unjust order from an authoritary figure, and to discover whether it was situational or dispositional factors that led them to obey.
What were Milgram’s results?
100% went to 300V
65% went to 450V
Give 3/5 variations of Milgram’s procedure:
-> Venue moved to seedy offices in nearby town (47.5%)
-> Teacher and learner in the same room (40%)
-> Teacher had to force learner’s hand onto electric plate to receive shock (30%)
-> Teacher given support from two other ‘teachers’ (confederates) who refuse to continue (10%)
-> Teacher paired with an assistant (confederate) who threw the switches (92.5%)
-> Experimenter instructs and prods teacher by telephone from another room (20.5%)
Give 3 evaluation points of Milgram’s work:
-> Lacks internal validity (unbelievable?)
-> Lacking ecological validity (artificial nature of experiment)
-> Lacking population validity (eg. original research was only males, so ungeneralizable to females)
-> Volunteer sample was used, so a certain ‘type’ could have come forward.
-> Unethical = protection from harm, deception, informed consent, right to withdraw
Give the 2 explanations for obedience:
1) Legitimacy of Authority
2) The Agentic State