october lectures Flashcards
sources of saturated (bad) fats
meats, egg yolks, dairy, plant sources such as palm and coconut oil
detrimental effects of saturated fats
increased LDL and trigl. lvls
increase risk of atherosclerosis
MI/stroke, HTN, Obesity, and DM
what are trans fats
unsaturated fats = hydrogen ions
hepatobiliary disease
- liver/gallbladder disease
- decreased bile= decreased digestion of fat and absorption
- fatty stools = steatorrhea
treatment for hebatobiliary disease
total low fat diet with ADEK vitamins in water form
total low fat diet with ADEK vitamins in water form is also used for …
choelithiasis and pancreatitis
atherosclerosis
- plaque buildup in arteries
- hardened and narrowed arteries cause HTN and ⬇ Q2 delivery to tissues
how is atherosclerosis caused
saturated and trans fats/ choelsterol in diet
diet for atherosclerosis
low saturated/trans fat/ cholesterol diet
what is a low trans fat/saturated fat/cholesterol diet used also for
hyperlipidemia and MI/stroke prevention
protein calorie math
4kcal/g
functions of protein
tissue building
transport
maintain fluid balance
plasma protein that holds fluid
albumins
decreased albumin leads to…
edema and ascites
Kwashiorkor is?
severe malnutrition of proteins in diet – liver cannot make albumin to keep fluid in the blood and out of the tissues
recommended protein intake per day
10-35% of daily calories or 0.8g/kg/day
essential amino acids
9
found in animal protein
three types of protein foods
complete
incomplete
complementary
vegetable proteins that are close to complete
soy and buckwheat
complete proteins
one serving with all 9 proteins
- meat, poultry, eggs, diary
- not gelatin
incomplete proteins
legumes
nuts and seeds
grains and pasta
complementary proteins
red beans and rice
bean tacos
peanut butter sammy
what is important (protein) to include in a vegans diet
complementary proteins
purpose of high-protein diet
raise blood albumin level
use high protein diet for…
burns or wounds
pregnancy/lactation
critically ill
vegans
protein ratio for high protein diet
1.2-1.6 g/kg/day
negative effects of high protein diet
loss of calcium and increased burden on kidneys
purpose of low protein diet
- hepatic failure
- chronic kidney disease
- gout (arthritis)
- phenylketonuria (PKU)
- celiac disease
purpose of low protein diet for hepatic failure pt
avoid ammonia toxicity because liver cannot convert ammonia to urea in liver failure
purpose of low protein diet for chronic kidney disease pt
avoid toxic BUN levels because kidneys are not excreting urea properly
purpose of low protein diet for gout pt
decrease purine to prevent the forming of uric acid crystals in joints
- problem with breaking down purines found in proteins
food to avoid w gout pt
red organ meats
fish
turkey veal bacon
what helps with gout
increased fluids
coffee
cherries
alkaline ask diet
alkaline ash diet
milk and cheese
fruits (- cranberries and plums/prunes)
avoid meat fish grains and eggs
phenylketonuria (PKU)
- missing liver enzyme to breakdown phenylalanine in blood
- causes major brain damage in kids
- recessive
every baby in US is checked for this
tx for phenylketonuria
limit foods w protein and aspartame
- esp in children and during pregnancy
- infant formulas: lofenalac and phenly-free
- strictly enforced till adolescence
celiac disease
autoimmune hypersensitivity to gluten protein in grains (genetic)
- causes inflammation of intestinal villi, malabsorption of fats, steatorrhea
tx for celiac
avoid gluten (BROW)
gluten for celiac to avoid
modified starch
Luncheon meats
Gravies and sauces
Commercially prepared foods (i.e. salad dressings)
substitutes for gluten
Corn: hominy, polenta
Rice
Quinoa
Potato
Tapioca
what fo antioxidants do
protect from CA and heart disease causing free radicals
dietary forms of vitamin A
retinol– used directly; from animal sources
beta-carotene: converted to vitamin A by liver; orange veggies; antioxidant
functions of vitamin A
see in dark
prevent macular degeneration
growth and development of bones, teeth, skin, and mucous membranes
1 cause of blindness in USA
macular degeneration
lack of vitamin A causes
night blindness
dry and hardenes epithelial keratinization
too much vitamin A causes
liver damage
birth defects
function of vitamin D
- helps prevent colon CA
- absorption of calcium and phosphorus
- brain and cardiac function
what has to happen before vitamin D is useful
has to be activated in the kidneys
kidney failure = ?
inactivated vitamin D with low Ca2+
sources of vitamin D
- produced in skin by sunlight 10-20 mins
- the more overweight you are, the more vitamin D you produce bc of more surface area of skin to make it
- fish and egg yolks
- fortified in milk, juice, and cereal
lack of vitamin D causes
- osteomalacia in adults
- rickets in kids
- osteodystrophy
what is osteodystrophy
kidney failure
not absorbing calcium from foods, so it is pulled from bones by PTH
- blood levels rise but bones demineralize
too much vitamin D causes…
hypercalcemia
muscle weakness
N/V
bone pain
polyuria
calcium deposits
- renal calculi and failure
- in arteries
function of vitamin K
- antihemorrhagic
- helps liver make 4 clotting proteins
- prevents bleeding
sources of vitamin K
- green, leafy veggies
- GI bacterial flora makes it
not enough vitamin K causes…
hemorrhage
malabsorption of fat
lack of bacterial flora
newborns get what injection 24-72 hours after birth
vitamin K
vitamin K toxicity?
none
antidote for coumadin
vitamin K
- monitor PT/INR freq.
K2= strong bones
vitamin E function
antioxidant
topical on skin = decreased scars/ striae
lack of vitamin E causes…
- hemolytic anemia in premature infants
- peripheral neuropathy
sources of vitamin E
veg oils
nuts and seeds
tomatoes
spinach
too much vitamin E causes…
- impaired blood clotting d/t impaired platelets
- stop taking prior to surgery
what about vitamins causes bleeding risk
not enough vitamin K or too much vitamin E
