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nutrition > october lectures > Flashcards

october lectures Flashcards

1
Q

sources of saturated (bad) fats

A

meats, egg yolks, dairy, plant sources such as palm and coconut oil

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2
Q

detrimental effects of saturated fats

A

increased LDL and trigl. lvls
increase risk of atherosclerosis
MI/stroke, HTN, Obesity, and DM

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3
Q

what are trans fats

A

unsaturated fats = hydrogen ions

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4
Q

hepatobiliary disease

A
  • liver/gallbladder disease
  • decreased bile= decreased digestion of fat and absorption
  • fatty stools = steatorrhea
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5
Q

treatment for hebatobiliary disease

A

total low fat diet with ADEK vitamins in water form

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6
Q

total low fat diet with ADEK vitamins in water form is also used for …

A

choelithiasis and pancreatitis

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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • plaque buildup in arteries
  • hardened and narrowed arteries cause HTN and ⬇ Q2 delivery to tissues
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8
Q

how is atherosclerosis caused

A

saturated and trans fats/ choelsterol in diet

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9
Q

diet for atherosclerosis

A

low saturated/trans fat/ cholesterol diet

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10
Q

what is a low trans fat/saturated fat/cholesterol diet used also for

A

hyperlipidemia and MI/stroke prevention

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11
Q

protein calorie math

A

4kcal/g

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12
Q

functions of protein

A

tissue building
transport
maintain fluid balance

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13
Q

plasma protein that holds fluid

A

albumins

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14
Q

decreased albumin leads to…

A

edema and ascites

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15
Q

Kwashiorkor is?

A

severe malnutrition of proteins in diet – liver cannot make albumin to keep fluid in the blood and out of the tissues

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16
Q

recommended protein intake per day

A

10-35% of daily calories or 0.8g/kg/day

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17
Q

essential amino acids

A

9
found in animal protein

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17
Q

three types of protein foods

A

complete
incomplete
complementary

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18
Q

vegetable proteins that are close to complete

A

soy and buckwheat

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18
Q

complete proteins

A

one serving with all 9 proteins
- meat, poultry, eggs, diary
- not gelatin

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19
Q

incomplete proteins

A

legumes
nuts and seeds
grains and pasta

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20
Q

complementary proteins

A

red beans and rice
bean tacos
peanut butter sammy

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21
Q

what is important (protein) to include in a vegans diet

A

complementary proteins

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22
Q

purpose of high-protein diet

A

raise blood albumin level

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23
Q

use high protein diet for…

A

burns or wounds
pregnancy/lactation
critically ill
vegans

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23
Q

protein ratio for high protein diet

A

1.2-1.6 g/kg/day

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24
Q

negative effects of high protein diet

A

loss of calcium and increased burden on kidneys

25
Q

purpose of low protein diet

A
  • hepatic failure
  • chronic kidney disease
  • gout (arthritis)
  • phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • celiac disease
26
Q

purpose of low protein diet for hepatic failure pt

A

avoid ammonia toxicity because liver cannot convert ammonia to urea in liver failure

27
Q

purpose of low protein diet for chronic kidney disease pt

A

avoid toxic BUN levels because kidneys are not excreting urea properly

28
Q

purpose of low protein diet for gout pt

A

decrease purine to prevent the forming of uric acid crystals in joints
- problem with breaking down purines found in proteins

29
Q

food to avoid w gout pt

A

red organ meats
fish
turkey veal bacon

30
Q

what helps with gout

A

increased fluids
coffee
cherries
alkaline ask diet

31
Q

alkaline ash diet

A

milk and cheese
fruits (- cranberries and plums/prunes)
avoid meat fish grains and eggs

32
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A
  • missing liver enzyme to breakdown phenylalanine in blood
  • causes major brain damage in kids
  • recessive
    every baby in US is checked for this
33
Q

tx for phenylketonuria

A

limit foods w protein and aspartame
- esp in children and during pregnancy
- infant formulas: lofenalac and phenly-free
- strictly enforced till adolescence

34
Q

celiac disease

A

autoimmune hypersensitivity to gluten protein in grains (genetic)
- causes inflammation of intestinal villi, malabsorption of fats, steatorrhea

35
Q

tx for celiac

A

avoid gluten (BROW)

36
Q

gluten for celiac to avoid

A

modified starch
Luncheon meats
Gravies and sauces
Commercially prepared foods (i.e. salad dressings)

37
Q

substitutes for gluten

A

Corn: hominy, polenta
Rice
Quinoa
Potato
Tapioca

38
Q

what fo antioxidants do

A

protect from CA and heart disease causing free radicals

38
Q

dietary forms of vitamin A

A

retinol– used directly; from animal sources
beta-carotene: converted to vitamin A by liver; orange veggies; antioxidant

39
Q

functions of vitamin A

A

see in dark
prevent macular degeneration
growth and development of bones, teeth, skin, and mucous membranes

40
Q

1 cause of blindness in USA

A

macular degeneration

41
Q

lack of vitamin A causes

A

night blindness
dry and hardenes epithelial keratinization

42
Q

too much vitamin A causes

A

liver damage
birth defects

43
Q

function of vitamin D

A
  • helps prevent colon CA
  • absorption of calcium and phosphorus
  • brain and cardiac function
44
Q

what has to happen before vitamin D is useful

A

has to be activated in the kidneys

45
Q

kidney failure = ?

A

inactivated vitamin D with low Ca2+

46
Q

sources of vitamin D

A
  • produced in skin by sunlight 10-20 mins
  • the more overweight you are, the more vitamin D you produce bc of more surface area of skin to make it
  • fish and egg yolks
  • fortified in milk, juice, and cereal
47
Q

lack of vitamin D causes

A
  • osteomalacia in adults
  • rickets in kids
  • osteodystrophy
48
Q

what is osteodystrophy

A

kidney failure
not absorbing calcium from foods, so it is pulled from bones by PTH
- blood levels rise but bones demineralize

49
Q

too much vitamin D causes…

A

hypercalcemia
muscle weakness
N/V
bone pain
polyuria
calcium deposits
- renal calculi and failure
- in arteries

50
Q

function of vitamin K

A
  • antihemorrhagic
  • helps liver make 4 clotting proteins
  • prevents bleeding
51
Q

sources of vitamin K

A
  • green, leafy veggies
  • GI bacterial flora makes it
52
Q

not enough vitamin K causes…

A

hemorrhage
malabsorption of fat
lack of bacterial flora

53
Q

newborns get what injection 24-72 hours after birth

A

vitamin K

54
Q

vitamin K toxicity?

A

none

55
Q

antidote for coumadin

A

vitamin K
- monitor PT/INR freq.
K2= strong bones

56
Q

vitamin E function

A

antioxidant
topical on skin = decreased scars/ striae

57
Q

lack of vitamin E causes…

A
  • hemolytic anemia in premature infants
  • peripheral neuropathy
57
Q

sources of vitamin E

A

veg oils
nuts and seeds
tomatoes
spinach

58
Q

too much vitamin E causes…

A
  • impaired blood clotting d/t impaired platelets
  • stop taking prior to surgery
59
Q

what about vitamins causes bleeding risk

A

not enough vitamin K or too much vitamin E

60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

nutrition (9 decks)

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