notes Flashcards
% of grains to be whole grains
50%
macronutrients
CHO, protein, fat
key for protein
go lean
limit red meat to …
twice per week
micronutrients
minerals, vitamins
mandatory allergy labels
cows milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, sesame seeds, fish, wheat, soybeans
stomach acids
HCL and pepsin
amylase
breaks down CHO and is form saliva and pancreatic juice
lipase
breaks down fats and is released from pancreas
bile
digests fat and is made in liver
major site of absorption of nutrients except fiber
small intestine (villi)
aspiration precautions
seated upright
30 minute rest before and after meals
tilt chin down
thicken fluids
no straws
vitamin for blood clots
K
simple sugars
mono or disaccharides
fruit, honey, milk
CHO kcal/g ?
4kcal/g
complex sugars
polysaccharides
what is the first to leave the stomach
carbs
prebiotics
indigestible , helps bacterial flora grow
carbs are digested down into what
simple sugars: galactose, glucose, fructose
liver converts all CHO to what
glucose
liver stores CHO as what
glycogen
% of daily calories to be carbs
45-65%
bottle mouth syndrome
syndrome in babies when sugary substances stay in mouth for too long
average american consumes ? tsp sugar/day
18
limit added sugar foods to ?
less than 8 tsp per day or less than 50 grams (10%)
recommended fiber g/day
21-38g/day
key foods for a high fiber diet
prunes, fruits, veggies with skin, whole grain. nuts, and seeds
what does a high fiber diet decrease problems with
diabetes
hyperlipidemia
constipation
diverticulosis
colon cancer
galactosemia
genetic disorder
galactose not converted into glucose by liver enzymes
low fiber (low residue) diet is for what purpose
decreased intestinal activity
low fiber diet uses
diverticulitis
colostomy
IBD (chrons, ulcerative colitis)
diet purpose of DM
BG control
lose weight w/ exercise
CHO kcal/g
4 kcal/g
what does fat promote
satiety
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
if cells are low on CHO
- cells burn fat abnormally
- seen in diabetes and starvation (no glucose in cells)
- increase in ketones (acidic = decreased pH)
fertility ratio of fat to muscle
3:1
why should pregnant people limit seafood
mercury
required nutrients on food labels
sodium, vitamin D, calcium, iron, potassium
clear liquid diet used for
after GI surgeries, before GI tests, acute vomiting/diarrhea
diabetics should eat mostly what type of carbs
complex carbs such as whole grains and legumes
diabetes pt should avoid what type of veggie
starchy veggies
fats are the second energy source after what
carbs
where is excess fat stored
adipose tissue
low glucose increases what
ketone acids
fats should be what percent of daily calories
20-35%
limit saturated fats to less that ? percent of daily calories
less than 10%
how much cholesterol should be eaten per day
less than 300mg/day
where does cholesterol come from
from animal foods and made by the liver
cholesterol is carried by what proteins in the body
HDL and LDL
if LDL is high what can happen
atherosclerosis, plaqueq buildup
HDL removes what
plaque
omega 3 and 6 fatty acids
DHA and EPA
sources of omega fatty acids
cold water fish, vegetable oil, seeds and nuts
eating fish twice per week will decrease…?
risk of MI and stroke
risk of abnormal blood clots
inflammation
sources of monounsaturated fats
olives, avocados, peanuts, almonds, canola oil, designer margarines
source of saturated fats
red meats, egg yolks, dairy,
high protein diet
1.2-1.6 g/kg/day
purpose of a low protein diet
decrease workload on liver/kidneys
during liver failure, ammonia is not converted to urea and can become what
toxic to the brain
for chronic kidney disease what is increased
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) toxic to the body
four pt with gout (arthritis) what do they have a problem breaking down
purines found in proteins
gout pts need what kind of diet
low purine diet
gout pt should avoid
red organ meats
fish
turkey veal and bacon
what helps a gout pt
increased fluids, coffee, cherries
what does alkaline ash dish diet do
makes urine more alkaline
for alkaline ash diet what to avoid
meat
fish
eggs
grains
