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Mental Health > October 19 - Grief & Trauma > Flashcards

October 19 - Grief & Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of stress can - increase student motivation

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Positive Stress

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2
Q

Which type of stress can - help people focus their concentration and channel their energy.

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Positive Stress

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3
Q

Which type of stress is - Taking on stressful activities that lead to success also builds confidence and increases resilience.

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Positive Stress

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4
Q

Which type of stress - Results from events that are unexpected and potentially damaging

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Tolerable Stress

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5
Q

Which type of stress - is time-limited enough to allow for recovery

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Tolerable Stress

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6
Q

Which type of stress is - The person is supported by caring relationships that enable healing from what otherwise might be damaging effects.

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Tolerable Stress

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7
Q

Which type of stress - Occurs when the individual is exposed to strong and prolonged adversity

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Toxic Stress

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8
Q

Which type of stress - is where the person has little time for recovery and insufficient support from others.

Positive Stress, Tolerable Stress, Toxic Stress

A

Toxic Stress

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9
Q

ACEs have 3 main groups - abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.

Which ACEs are under Abuse (3)

A

Physical, Emotional, and Sexual

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10
Q

ACEs have 3 main groups - abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.

Which ACEs are under Neglect (2)

A

Physical and Emotional

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11
Q

ACEs have 3 main groups - abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.

Which ACEs are under Household Dysfunction (5)

A

Mental illness, incarcerated relative, Mother treated violently / domestic, Substance misuse, and divorce

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12
Q

T/F - Exposure to even one ACE can have a profound impact on a child.

A

true

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13
Q

Exposure to more than one ACE can cause what?

A

can quickly compound the potential impact – making tolerable stress into toxic and prolonged.

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14
Q

T/F - The original ACEs study found that exposure to one ACE is quite common

A

true

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15
Q

T/F - Traumatic events are not part of ACEs

A

false

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16
Q

can ACEs occur in adulthood such as the unexpected death of a loved one, sexual assault or seeing someone badly injured or killed?

A

yes

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17
Q

Left untreated, trauma can lead to what?

A

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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18
Q

Trauma response as a continuum that includes 5 things, what are they?

A

crisis  acute stress  post-traumatic stress  complex post-traumatic stress  personality disturbance

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19
Q

What are the 5 factors influencing trauma responses?

hint: nature, environmental, coping, peri, genes

A

The Nature of Trauma Exposure
Environmental Supports and Attitudes
Individual Life Experiences and Coping
Peritraumatic Distress Responses
Genetics and Biology

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20
Q

Which factor influencing trauma response fits with this list?

*Dosage level (higher levels of exposure leads to greater chance of PTSD)
*Degree of violent exposure
*Levels of injuries or risk of death
*Perceived life threat
*The degree to which event is intentional and personalized.
*Secondary loss

The Nature of Trauma Exposure
Environmental Supports and Attitudes
Individual Life Experiences and Coping
Peritraumatic Distress Responses
Genetics and Biology

A

The Nature of Trauma Exposure

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21
Q

Which factor influencing trauma response fits with this list?

*Support available after the event.
*Peer support
*Community support
*Counselling support
*Legal support

The Nature of Trauma Exposure
Environmental Supports and Attitudes
Individual Life Experiences and Coping
Peritraumatic Distress Responses
Genetics and Biology

A

Environmental Supports and Attitudes

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22
Q

Which factor influencing trauma response fits with this list?

*Individual “resilience” e.g., garner support from others, optimism, positive social orientation, trust, hope for future.
*Previous trauma and maladaptive coping skills.
*Concurrent mental health difficulties.

The Nature of Trauma Exposure
Environmental Supports and Attitudes
Individual Life Experiences and Coping
Peritraumatic Distress Responses
Genetics and Biology

A

Individual Life Experiences and Coping

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23
Q

Which factor influencing trauma response includes:

-the panic-like state experienced during or immediately after a trigger event that arises from the activation of adrenaline.

  • Physiological aspects include trembling, sweating, and tachycardia
  • Psychological aspects include fear, helplessness, and horror, often associated with the belief that one’s life is at risk.
A

peritraumatic distress response

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24
Q

T/F - peritraumatic distress is a strong predictor of the longer-term severity of post-traumatic distress

A

true

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25
Q

immediate treatment through pharmacological interventions can lead to better outcomes in those exposed to traumatic events - this is associated with which factor influencing trauma response?

A

peritraumatic stress symptoms

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26
Q

Do individuals with heightened emotionality in the immediate aftermath of the traumatic exposure exhibited higher levels of trauma symptoms in the longer term?

A

yes

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27
Q

Which factor influencing trauma response plays a role in the extent to which our fight/flight response is triggered AND our ability to return to normal afterward?

A

Genetics and Biology

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28
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology - which part of the brain can be more reactive in some people

A

amygdala

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29
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology - can the degree of cortisol secretion be greater among some people?

A

yes

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30
Q

In individuals living with post-traumatic stress, several biological alterations remain

A
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31
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology (a factor influencing trauma response) - In individuals living with post-traumatic stress, several biological alterations remain:

an exaggerated WHAT response that does not diminish

A

startle response

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32
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology (a factor influencing trauma response) - In individuals living with post-traumatic stress, several biological alterations remain:

increased activation of the WHICH, a part of the brain involved in processing fear

A

amygdala

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33
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology (a factor influencing trauma response) - In individuals living with post-traumatic stress, several biological alterations remain:

abnormal secretion of WHAT from the WHICH glands, thus affecting the processing of fear

A

cortisol AND adrenal glands

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34
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology (a factor influencing trauma response) - In individuals living with post-traumatic stress, several biological alterations remain:

increased WHAT and decreased WHAT, which contribute to arousal and intrusion symptoms

A

dopamine AND serotonin

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35
Q

In terms of Genetics and Biology (a factor influencing trauma response) - In individuals living with post-traumatic stress, several biological alterations remain:

reduced size of the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in which 2 things?

A

learning and memory

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36
Q

In terms of Individual Life Experiences and Coping (a factor influencing trauma response) -

do prior life experiences and pre-existing personality factors become primary contributors to the development of chronic trauma symptomatology.

A

yes

37
Q

In terms of Individual Life Experiences and Coping (a factor influencing trauma response) -

T/F - The ability to garner support from others, and cope individually, stems from previous life experiences that either build or undermine resilience.

A

true

38
Q

In terms of the Nature of Trauma Exposure(a factor influencing trauma response) -

T/F - dosage or level of trauma exposure does not correlate with the development of post-traumatic distress.

A

false

39
Q

In terms of the Nature of Trauma Exposure(a factor influencing trauma response) -

is the perceived life threat during the traumatic exposure strongly associated with the development of ptsd?

A

yes

40
Q

In terms of the Nature of Trauma Exposure(a factor influencing trauma response) -

T/F - the degree to which an event is intentional rather than an act of God and is personalized to the individual affects the development of ptsd.

A

true

41
Q

In terms of the Nature of Trauma Exposure(a factor influencing trauma response) -

Another crucial event factor in trauma response is secondary loss experienced by victims?

A

yes.

For example, following a tornado outbreak in Alabama and Missouri, adolescents who had a parent or caregiver sustain injury had significantly higher rates of ptsd.

42
Q

In terms of the Environmental Supports and Attitudes (a factor influencing trauma response) -

Are higher levels of social support consistently found to be associated with lower degrees of post-traumatic symptoms and depression?

A

yes

43
Q

In terms of the Environmental Supports and Attitudes (a factor influencing trauma response) -

T/F - environmental influences include community resources and the community response to the event.

A

true

44
Q

What are 2 types of trauma responses?

A

Crisis Response and Adjustment Disorder

45
Q

What is the term for - a period of psychological disequilibrium, experienced as a result of a hazardous event or situation that constitutes a significant problem that cannot be remedied by using familiar coping strategies

A

a crisis

46
Q

What occurs when a person faces an obstacle to important life goals that generally seems insurmountable through the use of customary habits and coping patterns

A

a crisis

47
Q

What are the 2primary types of events can result in a crisis response?

A

Situational and Developmental

48
Q

What is the term for - it is unexpected and can occur at any time, spans a wide range of events, including diagnosis of a life-threatening or serious illness, job loss, or divorce and separation

A
  • Situational crises
49
Q

What is the term for - it occurs naturally and can include the birth or adoption of a child, adolescence, marriage, and retirement.

A
  • Developmental crises
50
Q

5 Characteristics of Crisis include:
1 - Crisis events are perceived as ?.
2 - Crises overwhelm an individual’s WHAT.
3 - Crises are WHAT, lasting one day to four to six weeks.
4 - Crises may lead to dangerous or WHAT
5 - Response to crisis events can potentially be WHAT

A

1 - sudden
2 - customary coping strategies
3 - time-limited
4 - self-defeating or self-destructive behaviour.
5 - an opportunity for growth.

51
Q

Crisis response occurs in five stages, what are they?

A

(1) pre-crisis equilibrium phase

(2) The impact phase (when the crisis event occurs)

(3) a crisis phase
The crisis phase has two elements:
(1) confusion and disorganization during which functional level declines and the person experiences symptoms of anxiety, fear, and helplessness

(2) trial-and-error reorganization, during which the person attempts various strategies to improve the situation and manage their emotional and physical responses.

(4) a resolution phase
a. the person regains control over their emotions and works towards a solution to the crisis situation

(5) a post-crisis phase.
a. the person arrives at what is the new equilibrium

52
Q

At times, crisis responses do not resolve which can lead to WHAT

A

an adjustment disorder

53
Q

What is characterized by marked distress that appears to be “out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor, taking into account the external context and cultural factors that might influence symptom severity and presentation

A

an adjustment disorder

54
Q

What term is used to describe how a person may be characterized by impairment in social and/or occupational functioning

A

an adjustment disorder

55
Q

T/F - Acute stress and post-traumatic stress do not have similar etiologies and symptom patterns

A

false

56
Q

How is acute stress and post-traumatic stress different

A

acute stress symptoms occur between three days and one month after a traumatic event

Post-traumatic stress, symptoms must last for more than one month

57
Q

For both acute stress and post-traumatic stress, an individual must be what 2 things?

A
  • exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation
  • either DIRECTLY, by witnessing events as they occur to others, by LEARNING that such an event occurred to a close friend or family member, or by REPEATED EXPOSURE to adverse details of traumatic events (such as by a police officer or therapist).
58
Q

Symptoms of both acute stress and post-traumatic stress fall into groups (Intrusion symptoms, Avoidance symptoms, Arousal symptoms, and Dissociative symptoms (acute stress), now referred to as “negative alterations in cognition and mood) -

Which one is - recurrent thoughts, nightmares, and feelings as if the event were reoccurring, and intense psychological and/or physiological distress at exposure to cues that retrigger the event.

A

Intrusion symptoms

59
Q

Symptoms of both acute stress and post-traumatic stress fall into groups (Intrusion symptoms, Avoidance symptoms, Arousal symptoms, and Dissociative symptoms (acute stress), now referred to as “negative alterations in cognition and mood) -

which one is - an inability to recall important aspects of the event, restricted affect, and feelings of detachment, efforts to avoid thoughts or stimuli that are reminiscent of the event, avoiding people and places that cause distress

A

Avoidance symptoms

60
Q

Symptoms of both acute stress and post-traumatic stress fall into groups (Intrusion symptoms, Avoidance symptoms, Arousal symptoms, and Dissociative symptoms (acute stress), now referred to as “negative alterations in cognition and mood) -

which one is - difficulty falling or staying asleep, emotional outbursts, difficulty concentrating, hyper-vigilance, and exaggerated startle response

A

Arousal symptoms

61
Q

Symptoms of both acute stress and post-traumatic stress fall into groups (Intrusion symptoms, Avoidance symptoms, Arousal symptoms, and Dissociative symptoms (acute stress), now referred to as “negative alterations in cognition and mood) -

which one is - persistent inability to experience positive emotions, an altered sense of reality, an inability to remember important aspects of the event, markedly diminished interest, and feelings of detachment from others

A

Dissociative symptoms (acute stress)

62
Q

Elements of complex post-traumatic stress are as follows:

1 - a history of subjection to WHAT over a long period of time

2 - alterations in WHAT, including dysphoria, chronic suicidal thoughts, self-injury, explosive anger, and compulsive or extremely inhibited sexuality

3 - alterations in WHAT such as dissociative episodes, depersonalization, reliving the experience

4 - alterations in WHAT, including shame, guilt, self-blame, and a sense of being completely different from others;

A

1 - totalitarian control
2 - affect regulation
3 - consciousness
4 - self-perception

63
Q

Elements of complex post-traumatic stress are as follows:

5 - alterations in WHAT, such as ascribing unrealistic power to the perpetrator, idealizing the perpetrator, or rationalizing the abusive behaviour

6 - alterations in WHAT, including isolation and withdrawal, distrust or over-trusting behaviour, and disruption in relationships

7 - alterations in WHAT, such as loss of faith, hopelessness, and despair

A

5 - perceptions of the perpetrator
6 - relations with others
7 - systems of meaning

64
Q

T/F - grief and trauma often do not occur independently of one another

A

true

65
Q

What is viewed as a normal and distressing process

A

grief

66
Q

The 5 stages of grief are what?

A
  1. Denial involves a conscious / unconscious process of refusing to accept the loss or is about to occur.
  2. Anger is the externalization of grief. Anger can also be directed at people who might have saved the person
  3. Bargaining occur in the anticipation of death whereby a person bargains with God.
  4. Depression occurs when the extent of the loss is fully realized by the person.
  5. Acceptance is the time when the person is able to move forward with other life tasks despite the loss
67
Q

Other stages of grief include:

1 - Acute grief occurs WHEN after death. Characterized by numbness, denial / yearning

2 - Disorganization is a sense of WHAT 2 THINGS lasting several months

3 - Reorganization - intensity subsides with return to functioning without the deceased and WHAT

A

1 - in the first six - eight weeks
2 - despair and functional impairment
3 - a new sense of the lost relationship

68
Q

What is the term that is characterized by - persistent longing, intense sorrow, preoccupation with the deceased, or preoccupation with the circumstance of death for at least 12 months after the death

A

Persistent complex bereavement disorder

69
Q

What is the term that is characterized by - marked and persistent symptoms that include efforts to avoid reminders of the deceased; feelings of purposelessness; a sense of numbness or detachment; feeling shocked, stunned, or dazed by the loss; disbelief

A

Persistent complex bereavement disorder

70
Q

What is the term that is characterized by - resultant impairment in social, occupational, or other important functioning AND the reaction is out of proportion with cultural, religious, or age-appropriate norms

A

Persistent complex bereavement disorder

71
Q

Post-traumatic growth is understood to have three elements:

  1. improved WHAT that occur as a result of enhanced compassion and altruism
  2. an improved WHAT that includes an acceptance of one’s own vulnerabilities and limitations
  3. a new philosophy regarding the WHAT 2 THINGS
A

1 - relationships
2 - sense of self
3 - meaning of life and personal priorities

72
Q

In terms of Interventions to Support Resilience and Recovery:

What fits with:

Crisis intervention
*Organize issues
*Support coping
*Reinforce strengths
*Aid with decision-making
*Assess risk

A

Crisis

73
Q

In terms of Interventions to Support Resilience and Recovery:

What fits with:

Supportive counselling
*Reinforce strengths
*Support coping

Psycho-education
*Information
*Normalization

Symptom management with cognitive-behavioural therapy (cbt)
*Distraction
*Avoidance
*Relaxation
*Exercise

A

Acute stress

Usually know what’s stressing you out – there is a logic there.

You can link the stress to things better.

74
Q

In terms of Interventions to Support Resilience and Recovery:

What fits with:

Symptom management with CBT
*Relaxation
*Thought-stopping
*Desensitization?

Psychotherapy
*Resuming lost activity/relationships
*Meaning-making (explore what’s going on). Sharing of emotions with others in a group setting can help normalize things / validate things
*Remembering?

A

Post-Traumatic Stress

Less likely to feel that you know the source of the stress.

You may not be able to link the stress, and that something is wrong with you but can’t figure out what’s wrong

75
Q

In terms of Interventions to Support Resilience and Recovery:

What fits with:

Symptom management with CBT interpersonal therapy
*Establishing safety
*Remembrance and mourning
*Reconnection

A

Complex Post-Traumatic Stress

Usually more prolonged, more complicated coping strategies, it might be harder for SW to connect with them.

This person is a mess (think soldier coming back from war)

There are lots of emotions

76
Q

In terms of Interventions to Support Resilience and Recovery:

What fits with:

Symptom management with CBT interpersonal therapy or dialectical behaviour therapy
*Do no harm (avoid iatrogenic effects)
*Reduce chaos, be clear about limits
*Avoid prolonged hospitalization
*Shift focus away from suicidal or self-destructive behaviour
*Focus on here and now - avoid explorations and interpretations of previous life events

A

Personality Disturbance

They have experienced prolonged a lot of trauma

SW cannot be provoked by the client.

77
Q

In terms of Interventions to Support Resilience and Recovery:

What fits with:

Symptom management with CBT psychotherapy
*Exploring relationship issues
*Problem-solving
*Enhancing ability to engage in social relations

A

Complex Grief

78
Q

trauma-informed care that involves:

  1. WHAT that trauma has a widespread impact on individuals, families, and communities
  2. WHAT the signs and symptoms of trauma in clients, staff, and others
  3. WHAT trauma knowledge into policies, programs, and practices
  4. WHAT re-traumatization
A

1 - Realizing
2 - Recognizing
3 - Integrating
4 - Avoiding

79
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches to Symptom Management in Trauma Response:

Which one is:

o avoiding trauma-related memories and cues interferes with emotional processing of the event by reinforcing erroneous cognitions and fears.

o So while they recount and imagine the traumatic event, individuals are assisted to manage the resulting anxiety and allow distress to habituate.

A
  • Exposure therapy
80
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches to Symptom Management in Trauma Response:

Which one is:

based on social learning theory, teaches individuals to manage fear and anxiety through cognitive-behavioural techniques

A

Stress inoculation training

o Practicing beforehand so that it inoculates you

81
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches to Symptom Management in Trauma Response:

Which one is:

assists individuals to identify trauma-related dysfunctional beliefs that influence response to stimuli and subsequent physiological and psychological distress.

A
  • Cognitive therapy
82
Q

In terms of Symptom Management in Trauma Response:

T/F - One form of group treatment is the single-session debriefing model that has been the subject of much controversy regarding efficacy

A

true

o Longer-term group models using CBT have more promising results.

o Research studies suggest that when using single-session debriefing with professionals exposed to trauma in the context of their jobs, people find it helpful and supportive,

o BUT it does not relieve trauma symptoms and the exposure to details of other people’s trauma may in fact exacerbate symptoms

83
Q

Psychosocial Approaches to Traumatic Grief:

WHAT especially where grief is concerned, is not always necessary and may make things worse.

A

Formal therapy

84
Q

Psychosocial Approaches to Traumatic Grief:

WHICH approaches, such as peer and community support, may be better. Go back to systems thinking and help clients strengthen their social networks

A

Informal

85
Q

t/f - Grief treatments should be reserved for individuals with prolonged or complicated bereavement.

A

TRUE

86
Q

Pharmacological and Medical Treatments for Trauma and Grief:

Which one is - most used treatment to alleviate intrusion, avoidance, and arousal symptoms

Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Beta-adrenergic blockers (e.g., Propranolol), Trans magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Antidepressants

87
Q

Pharmacological and Medical Treatments for Trauma and Grief:

Which one is - for symptoms of anxiety, however little evidence to support efficacy; concerns related to risk of abuse, dependency and interference with psychosocial treatments

Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Beta-adrenergic blockers (e.g., Propranolol), Trans magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Benzodiazepines

88
Q

Pharmacological and Medical Treatments for Trauma and Grief:

Which one is - to alleviate symptoms of hyper-arousal, avoidance and reexperiencing

Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Beta-adrenergic blockers (e.g., Propranolol), Trans magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Beta-adrenergic blockers (e.g., Propranolol)

89
Q

Pharmacological and Medical Treatments for Trauma and Grief:

Which one is - effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD

Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Beta-adrenergic blockers (e.g., Propranolol), Trans magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Trans magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Mental Health (6 decks)

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