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Glaciated Landscape - 2024 > OCR A Level GL - 5 OCR A Level GL 2.2 Glossary > Flashcards

OCR A Level GL - 5 OCR A Level GL 2.2 Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Ablation

A

the loss of ice and snow, especially from a glacier, through melting, evaporation and sublimation.

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2
Q

Accumulation

A

the addition or gain of snow and ice to a glacier over time.

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3
Q

Active layer

A

the near surface layer in a periglacial environment which seasonally freezes and thaws.

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4
Q

Alases

A

flat-floored, steep-side depressions in periglacial environments.

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5
Q

Anthropocene

A

the current geological period where humankind is the main driver of environmental change.

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6
Q

Arête

A

a narrow, ‘knife-edged’ ridge between two corries.

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7
Q

Aspect

A

the direction a slope faces

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8
Q

Attrition

A

the erosion of sediment transported by rivers, glaciers, waves and wind.

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9
Q

Basal flow (sliding/slippage)

A

As the glacier moves over the bedrock, there is friction. The lower ice is also under a great deal of pressure and this, combined with the friction, results in some melting. The resulting meltwater acts as a lubricant, enabling the ice to flow more rapidly.

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10
Q

Blockfield

A

a large expanse of boulders strewn across a level surface, often in mountain environments

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11
Q

Compressing flow

A

the movement of glacial ice down a gentle gradient, during which it thickens.

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12
Q

Corrasion

A

the scouring and erosion of rock surfaces erosion by sediments transported by rivers, glaciers, waves and wind (also known as abrasion.

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13
Q

Corrie\Cirque\Cwm

A

An armchair-shaped hollow found on the side of a mountain. This is where a glacier forms.

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14
Q

Cryoturbation

A

frost churning of layers of regolith in periglacial environments.

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15
Q

Deposition

A

the laying down of sediment transported by rivers, waves, glaciers and wind, as energy levels decline.

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16
Q

Diagenesis

A

the process by which snow becomes ice due to compression.

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17
Q

glacial drift

A

the collective term for all glacial deposits, including till and outwash.

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18
Q

Drumlins

A

streamlined mounds of glacial drift.

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19
Q

erratic

A

a rock or boulder that differs from the surrounding rock and is believed to have been brought from a distance by glacial action

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20
Q

Erosion

A

the wearing away and/or removal of rock and other material by a moving force.

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21
Q

Escarpment

A

a tilt block forming an extensive upland area, with a short, steep (scarp) slope and a long, gentle (dip) slope.

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22
Q

Esker

A

a long, sinuous ridge composed of stratified sand and gravel.

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23
Q

Freeze-thaw

A

a mechanical weathering process caused by water, confined in rock joints, expanding as it freezes, and as a result breaking rocks into smaller particles.

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24
Q

Frost heave

A

the downslope displacement of soil particles that results from cycles of freeze-thaw.

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25
Q

Gelifluction

A

the slow, downslope mass flow of saturated regolith resting on a layer of permafrost.

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26
Q

Geomorphic

A

relating to the formation and shaping of landforms and landscapes by natural processes.

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27
Q

Glacial

A

a prolonged cold climatic phase lasting for tens of thousands of years and causing continental glaciation in middle and high latitudes.

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28
Q

Glacier mass balance

A

the difference between the amount of snow and ice accumulation and the amount of ablation occurring in a glacier over one year.

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29
Q

Glacio-fluvial

A

relating to meltwater from a glacier.

30
Q

Granular disintegration

A

the breakdown of rocks by weathering into coarse, granular particles.

31
Q

Hydration

A

the breakdown of rocks by cycles of wetting (expansion) and drying (contraction).

32
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by a confined fluid, such as water under or in a glacier.

33
Q

Ice shelf

A

a floating sheet of ice permanently attached to a land mass.

34
Q

ice wedge

A

develops when water enters a crack in the permafrost and freezes

35
Q

Ice-contact drift

A

sediment deposited under or against ice.

36
Q

Inter-glacial

A

a period of climatic warming (lasting c.10,000 years) between glacials.

37
Q

Internal Deformation

A

Where ice crystals move by orientating themselves in the direction of ice movement allowing the crystals to move past one another

38
Q

Isostatic changes

A

changes in the absolute level of the land. They are localised and result from either tectonic activity or the addition or removal of weight from the land.

39
Q

Jökulhaulps

A

extreme glacial meltwater outbursts caused by geothermal or volcanic activity beneath glaciers.

40
Q

Kames

A

a steep-sided mound of sand and gravel deposited by a melting ice sheet.

41
Q

Lateral moraine

A

a ridge of till running along the edge of a glacial valley

42
Q

Meltwater channel

A

channel cut by glacial meltwater under, along and in front of an ice margin. Meltwater may flow under hydrostatic pressure within the glacier and the resultant channels will show up-down long profiles. Alternatively, water may flow under gravity. Meltwater channels are recognizable from their anomalous topographic positions and their large size (misfit) relative to the streams that now occupy them

43
Q

Nivation hollow

A

a depression formed by freeze-thaw and meltwater transport of weathered rock particles beneath a permanent snow patch.

44
Q

Ognip

A

the remains of a collapsed pingo, forming a depression surrounded by circular earth ramparts.

45
Q

Open system

A

a type of system whose boundaries are open to both inputs and outputs of energy and matter.

46
Q

Output

A

the transfer of energy and/or materials out of a system

47
Q

Outwash

A

material deposited by glacial meltwater.

48
Q

Outwash plain

A

a flat expanse of glacio-fluvial sediment located beyond an existing or former glacier or ice sheet front

49
Q

Permafrost

A

frozen ground that remains frozen for at least 2 consecutive years. It is found in cold climates at either high altitudes or high latitudes where the ground does not thaw completely even in summer

50
Q

Pingo

A

a conical ice-cored hill in periglacial environments.

51
Q

Pressure melting point

A

the temperature at which ice melts when under pressure.

52
Q

Proglacial lakes

A

a body of water impounded in front of a glacier.

53
Q

Pyramidal peak

A

an angular, sharply pointed mountain peak which results from corrie erosion.

54
Q

Recessional moraines

A

a series of ridges running transversely across a glacial trough.

55
Q

Regolith

A

a loose layer of rocky material overlying bedrock.

56
Q

roche moutonnée

A

known as sheep rocks, this glacier feature is formed when glacial ice advances over outcrops of bedrock. The side facing the glacier may be polished and smooth, but the downward side is left steep and jagged due to glacial plucking action.

57
Q

Rock flour

A

fine material derived from abrasion by a glacier.

58
Q

Rock glacier

A

coarse rock particles forming linear accumulations and moving slowly downslope due to the formation and melting of interstitial ice.

59
Q

Solifluction

A

the slow flow of fine, water-saturated regolith from higher to lower ground.

60
Q

Stadial

A

a sudden and brief period of glacial conditions lasting several hundred years.

61
Q

Striations

A

scratches or grooves on rock surface formed by glacial abrasion.

62
Q

Structure

A

the physical characteristics of rocks, including their jointing, bedding, faulting, angle of dip etc.

63
Q

Sublimation

A

the phase change of water from ice to vapour.

64
Q

Talik

A

unfrozen ground that may occur above, below, or within discontinuous permafrost

65
Q

Talus

A

a steep, concave debris slope at the foot of a cliff or free-face, comprising angular rock particles (also known as a scree slope).

66
Q

Terminal moraine

A

a ridge of till extending across a glacial trough.

67
Q

Thermokarst

A

landscape of hummocks and wet hollows resulting from subsidence caused by the melting of permafrost.

68
Q

Till

A

unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice.

69
Q

Truncated spur

A

an eroded interlocking spur characterised by having a very steep cliff

70
Q

Weathering

A

the in situ breakdown of rocks exposed at, or near, the land surface by physical, chemical and biological processes.

71
Q

U-shaped valley (glacial trough)

A

a geological formation characterized by high and steep sides and a rounded or flat valley bottom

Glaciated Landscape - 2024 (15 decks)

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