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Glaciated Landscape - 2024 > OCR A Level GL - 10 OCR A Level GL 2.2b LAKE DISTRICT CASE STUDY > Flashcards

OCR A Level GL - 10 OCR A Level GL 2.2b LAKE DISTRICT CASE STUDY Flashcards

1
Q

The Lake District is a case study of …

A

An upland landscape associated with the action of valley glaciers

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2
Q

What are the 3 main groups of geology in the Lake District?

A
  1. Skiddaw slates 2. Borrowdale volcanics 3. Windermere series
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3
Q

What has the geology affected

A

The evolution (shaping) of the landscape

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4
Q

What are the oldest rocks in the Lake District?

A

Skiddaw group

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5
Q

How were the Skiddaw rocks formed?

A

black muds and sands settling on the sea bed

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6
Q

How long ago were the Skiddaw rocks formed?

A

500 million years ago

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7
Q

What has happened since the Skiddaw rocks were formed?

A

They have been raised and folded by tectonic forces

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8
Q

Where is the Skiddaw group of rock usually found?

A

Northern Lake District

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the landscape in the Skiddaw

A

the mountains are smooth and streams occupy deep gorges

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10
Q

Where are Borrowdale volcanic rocks found?

A

Central Lake District

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11
Q

What are Borrowdale volcanic rocks composed of?

A

Consist of hard lava and ash from eruptions

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12
Q

How long ago were Borrowdale volcanic rocks formed?

A

450 million years ago

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13
Q

Which 2 highest mountains in the Lake District does Borrowdale volcanic rocks make up?

A

Helvellyn and Great Gable

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14
Q

What makes up the Windermere group of rocks?

A

Sedimentary mudstones, sandstones, siltstones and limestone

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15
Q

How long ago were the Windermere rocks formed?

A

420 million years ago

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16
Q

What has happened to Windermere group since they were formed?

A

They have been faulted and folded, pushed up and eroded down

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17
Q

Where are most of the Windermere group?

A

Southern Lake District

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18
Q

When was granite formed?

A

400 million years ago

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19
Q

When was carboniferous limestone formed in the Lake District?

A

500 million years ago

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20
Q

What has happened in the Lake District over the last 400,000 years?

A

There have been many glaciations where valley glacier and ice sheets submerged the landscape

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21
Q

What did these glaciations do to the landscape of the Lake District?

A

Glacial erosional and depositional landforms developed

22
Q

Which geological epoch caused the landscape in the Lake District that we see now?

A

Pleistocene period (during last million years)

23
Q

How many glaciations occurred during the Pleistocene period?

A

20 glaciations

24
Q

Which glaciation took place between 12,800 and 11,500 years ago?

A

Loch Lomond Stadial

25
Q

What erosional landform is situated in the Norfolk Valley?

A

Roche Mountonnee

26
Q

What is the name of the Roche Moutonnee found in the Lake District?

A

Norfolk Valley

27
Q

Which erosional landforms are situated on the west side of the Helvellyn Range?

A

Truncated spurs and hanging valleys - waterfall called Helvellyn Gill

28
Q

Give a named example of an arete (erosional landform) in the Lake District?

A

Striding Edge in the Helvellyn Range

29
Q

How long and high is the Helvellyn Range?

A

11km long and 600m high

30
Q

Which glacial erosional landform can be found at 950m above sea level on Helvellyn Range?

A

A pyramidal peak

31
Q

Why is the pyramidal peak on Helvellyn range as sharply eroded as some?

A

It lacks more than 2 corries on the western side of the mountain

32
Q

What are the names of the two corries separated by Striding Edge?

A

Striding Edge arete separates Red Tarn Corrie and Nethermost Corrie

33
Q

What is the name of the tarn formed in one of the corries below Helvellyn?

A

Red Tarn

34
Q

Meltwater from Red Tarn glacier did what?

A

Meltwater flowed into the valley of Glenridding forming a valley glacier which then flowed into a U-shaped valley

35
Q

What erosional feature is there at the bottom of the U-shaped valley made by the Red Tarn meltwater?

A

a ribbon lake called Ullswater

36
Q

How were the drumlins in the Lake District formed?

A

Ice depositing layers of till and then moving back over the deposit to sculpt it into egg shaped hills

37
Q

Where is a drumlin field in Lake District?

A

South of Kendal

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the drumlins south of Kendal?

A

Lie on carboniferous rocks Range from 50-125m high

39
Q

In which direction do the Kendal drumlins show ice movement?

A

North to South

40
Q

When was the last glacial retreat?

A

11,000 years ago

41
Q

What was left when these glaciers retreated 11,000 years ago?

A

Moraines in the valleys

42
Q

What is a named example of a moraine deposited in the Lake District?

A

Lateral Moraine on the right bank of Langstrath valley, foot of Greenup Gill

43
Q

Where are crescentic ridges of moraine found?

A

At the end of Blea Water Tarn in Mardale

44
Q

What kind of moraines are they at the end of Blea Water Tarn in Mardale?

A

Recessional moraines - each one formed during a stationary period of the glacier on its retreat

45
Q

Where is a small terminal moraine situated?

A

Southeast of Keswick, Naddle Valley

46
Q

How big and long is the terminal moraine?

A

200-400m long and 10-15m high with a small lake situated behind it

47
Q

What are erratics?

A

Boulders or rock transported in the ice, deposited when they ice has no more energy to carry it and do not match the rock type of their surroundings.

48
Q

Which geologic group are most erratics in the Lake District from?

A

the Borrowdale volcanics group

49
Q

Where are most erratics found in the Lake District?

A

they were transported 30km southeast and deposited on carboniferous limestone at Witherslate

50
Q

How big can erratics be?

A

Some are 3m wide in diameter

Glaciated Landscape - 2024 (15 decks)

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