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Geoscience > Oceans/Meteorology > Flashcards

Oceans/Meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways water can come

A

Precipitation Runoff Infiltration

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2
Q

Infiltration:

A

Water going through soil

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3
Q

3 ways water leaves

A

Evaporation Runoff Infiltration

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4
Q

Fact about water coming and leaving

A

In one area the 2 cant balance but in the world they MUST balance

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5
Q

Salinity:

A

Total amount of solid material dissolved in water

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6
Q

What is most of the salt

A

Sodium chloride

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7
Q

Ways salt gets into oceans

A
  1. Chemical Weathering

2. Undersea volcanoes and hotspots

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8
Q

How is salt removed from the oceans

A

Subduction

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9
Q

What happens to the saltyness over time

A

Escalates then stays the same unless no subduction is occuring

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10
Q

Describe water being evaporated

A

100% fresh water

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11
Q

Water cycle

A

Evaporate, condense, precip, soak into ground

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12
Q

What is the energy of the water cycle

A

Sun

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13
Q

How much of earths water is in oceans?

A

97%

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14
Q

Pycnocline:

A

Where seawater density changes fast

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15
Q

Where is the thermocline

A

300m-1000m down

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16
Q

Processes that reduce salinity (5)

A

Precip; Sea Ice Melting; Icebergs Melting; Runoff; Marine Orgs.

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17
Q

Processes that increase salinity

A

Evaporation; Formation of Sea Ice; Ocean Temp Variation

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18
Q

Ocean temp variation:

A

Oceans surface is heated by the sun

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19
Q

Thermocline:

A

Where water temp changes fast

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20
Q

What is density defined as

A

Mass per unit of volume it can be thought of a measure of how heavy something is for its size

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21
Q

What is seawater mainly affected by

A

Salinity and temp; faster evap and less precip; ocean layering

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22
Q

3 layers of ocean

A

Mixing, transition, and deep layer

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23
Q

Where is transition layer

A

Between surface layer and deep zone

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24
Q

Deep layer (3)

A

Sunlight doesnt reach it; temp is just above freezing; constant high density water

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25
Q

How much of our water is fresh

A

2.5%

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26
Q

Surface currents

A

Movements that flow horizontal in the upper part of oceans surface

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27
Q

How do surface current develop

A

Friction between ocean and wind

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28
Q

Gyres

A

Large circular swirls in large ocean basins that dominate ocean surfaces

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29
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Deflection of currents away from original course as result of the earths rotation

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30
Q

What way does the coriolis effect go

A

Right in N Hem. Left in S Hem.

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31
Q

Upwelling

A

Cold water being pulled up with nutrients

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32
Q

What is a land breeeze also called

A

Offshore

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32
Q

Amount of water that soil will hold

A

Porosity

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33
Q

Density currents

A

Vertical currents of ocean water that result from density differences in water masses

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34
Q

Where is the denser part of ocean

A

Bottom

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35
Q

Permeability

A

Speed at which water will flow thru dirt or soil

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36
Q

Where do waves get energy from

A

Wind

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37
Q

Ocean current

A

Mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another

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38
Q

Wave height

A

Vertical distance between trough and crest

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39
Q

Where in the ocean is the most saline

A

30* latitude

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40
Q

What zone has the most life

A

Mixed zone

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41
Q

Fetch

A

Distance wind has traveled across open water

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42
Q

Whats the biggest wave

A

Tide

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43
Q

Whats a spring tide

A

Big tidal range when sun and moon in line

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44
Q

How can you tell if its a spring tide

A

Full moon or new moon

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45
Q

Whats a neap tide

A

Small tidal range

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46
Q

What does upwelling bring

A

Fertilizer to ocean life

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46
Q

Speed at which water will flow thru dirt or soil

A

Permeability

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49
Q

What does increase in seawater density cause

A

Decrease in temp. or increase in salinity

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50
Q

Runoff

A

Movement of water along earths surface

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51
Q

The movement of water from plant to atmosphere

A

Transpiration

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52
Q

All non frozen freshwater is where

A

Groundwater

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53
Q

What do you measure salinity in

A

Parts per thousand

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54
Q

Long term what do rivers do to the salinity to oceans

A

Decrease it

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55
Q 
In order:
A) cold salty water sinks
B) sea ice forms during winter
C) salty water migrates on ocean floor to equator
D) salt (ions) gather beneath ice
A

B D A C

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56
Q

How often does spring tide come

A

12 hours 25 minutes

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57
Q

What forces cause tides

A

Gravitational and centripital

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58
Q

Where do areas of upwelling occur

A

Trade wind belts

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59
Q

What happens with trade winds

A

They blow surface water offshore that is replaced by upwelling deep water

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60
Q

Amplitude is also known as

A

Displacement

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61
Q

2x amplitude is

A

Wave height

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62
Q

How can you tell if its a neap tide

A

Quarter moon or three quarter moon

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63
Q

Porosity

A

Amount of space in between the particles of dirt or soil

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64
Q

Differing amount of solar radiation across earths latitude affects the oceans…

A

Temp at the surface

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65
Q

Most important factor in seawater density

A

Temperature

66
Q

What happens in halocline

A

Salt content changes rapidly

67
Q

Main cause of deep ocean currents

A

Density differences

68
Q

Ozone is important in atmosphere bc it

A

Absorbs harmful radiation

69
Q

2 principal gases dissolved in ocean water

A

Nitrogen and oxygen

70
Q

Deep currents are caused by

A

Differences in density of ocean water

71
Q

Weather:

A

What atmosphere is doing at a given place or time

72
Q

Climate:

A

Based on observations of weather over many years

73
Q

How much of air is water vapor

A

0-4%

74
Q

Components of air (3)

A

3/4 nitrogen 1/4 oxygen 1% CO2

75
Q

Water vapor:

A

Spurce of all clouds and precip. Absorbs some solar energy

76
Q

Layers of atmosphere

A

Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere

77
Q

What warms the stratosphere

A

Ozone

78
Q

Heat:

A

Energy transferred from one object to another because of different temps.

79
Q

What does heat explain

A

How thermal energy moves

80
Q

Temp:

A

Average thermal energy

81
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat through touching

82
Q

Convection

A

Transfer if heat by circulation within a substance

83
Q

Mechanisms of energy transfer:

A

Conduction, convection, radiation

84
Q

Radiation:

A

Transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves

85
Q

What is the heat transfer form that can go through space

A

Radiation

86
Q

Sublimination

A

Solid to a gas without passing through liquid state

87
Q

Deposition

A

Gas to solid (vapor to solid)

88
Q

Relative humidity

A

Ratio of airs actual water vapor content compared to amount of WV air is able to hold at that temperature and pressure

89
Q

Called this when air holds max amount of water

A

Saturation

90
Q

Hygrometer

A

Measure relative humidity

91
Q

Dry aduabatic rate

A

The temp that dry air rises at:

10*/1000m

92
Q

Wet adiabatic rate

A

5*/1000m

93
Q

Most common state of matter in universe

A

Plasma

94
Q

Most effective way to heat something across short distances

A

Conduction

95
Q

Amount of reflected radiation

A

Albedo

96
Q

What wavelength is given off hottest object

A

Gamma

97
Q

What kind fo waves does the sun give off?

A

Short

98
Q

What kind of waves does the earth give off (2)

A

Long and infared

99
Q

What kind of waves does space give off

A

Radio

100
Q

About 35% of the energy that reaches earth is reflected by…

A

Clouds, atmosphere and sea/land

101
Q

Dark or light absobs more energy

A

Dark

102
Q

Earth has albedo of…

A

35%

103
Q

Conduction heats what levels of atmosphere

A

Lower

104
Q

Conduction can be slower by

A

Insulator

105
Q

Conduction can be speeded up by…

A

Use of a conductor

106
Q

Temperature:

A

Speed of particles in an object

107
Q

Absolute zero is when

A

No atomic movements or vibrations

108
Q

If there is dew air was cooled to…

A

Condensation point

109
Q

If air rises it can hold______water molecules

A

Fewer

110
Q

What happens at LCL

A

Water condenses to droplets and clouds form

111
Q

As air rises what falls (2)

A

Pressure and temperature

112
Q

Warm air masses will keep rising if air above is

A

Cooler

113
Q

Wind blows from areas of

A

Hogh pressure to low pressure

114
Q

Wind is slowed by

A

Friction on land

115
Q

Name layers of atmosphere

A

Troposphere; staratisphere; mesosphere; thermosphere

116
Q

dew point:

A

Temperature that air must be cooled to constant pressure to reach saturation

117
Q

Lifted Condensation Level

A

Height at which condensation occurs

118
Q

Temp inversion

A

Increase in temp with height in an atmospheric layer

119
Q

Short term climate change

A

Seasonal el nino volcanic eruptions

120
Q

Long term climate change

A

Sunspots earths wobble tilt in earths orbit eccentricity of orbit

121
Q

Human factors of climate change

A

Imcreased CO2 emmision, Increased in greenhouse gases cause changes in temp

122
Q

Why temps vary

A

Land and water, Geographic position, Altitude

123
Q

Warm periods between ice ages

A

Interglacial intervals

124
Q

Where is el nino

A

West coast of South America

125
Q

One positive of el nino

A

Decreases chances of hurricanes

126
Q

Period of low sunspot activity

A

Maunder minimum

127
Q

Orbit fact

A

When orbit is more circular temps dip

When orbit elongates temps become warmer

128
Q

Axis range every 41,000 years

A

22.1-24.5

129
Q

What star do we currently point at

A

North Star Polaris

130
Q

What star will we point at in 14,000?

A

Vega

131
Q

What does volcanic activity do to temperatures?

A

Layers if ash in the air can block solar radiation making global temps decrease

132
Q

How are air masses classified

A

By temp humidity and pressure

133
Q

Rain shadow fact

A

RISING AIR=CLOUDS

DROPPING AIR=SUN

134
Q

What air is used in rain shadow

A

mP

135
Q

3 wind systems

A

Northeast trade winds
Prevailing westerlies
Polar easterlies

136
Q

Jet stream flows where

A

west to east

137
Q

Jet stream

A

Narrow band of fast moving air at high altitudes

138
Q

Warm front

A

When warm air Moves into area formerly covered by cold air

139
Q

What front moves slow and which fast

A

Warm front moves slow Cold front moves fast

140
Q

Cold front

A

When cold dense air moves into a place occupied by warmer air

141
Q

What happens during cold front

A

Cold air pushes warm air up

Thunderstorms happen

142
Q

What happens during warm front

A

Warm air moves up like a hill onto cold

Clouds and precipitation happen

143
Q

Stationary front

A

When 2 fronts meet and neither gives way

144
Q

Occluded front

A

When active cold front over takes warm front

145
Q

Whats at 30N latitude

A

Horse latitudes

146
Q

Where are polar easterlies

A

North pole to 60* lat.

147
Q

Where are the doldrums

A

Equator

148
Q

Where is the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

A

Just below equator

149
Q

Where are NE trade winds

A

Equator to 30* lat.

150
Q

Where are prevailing westerlies

A

30-60 lat.

151
Q

Whats on side of earth

A

Convection cells

152
Q

How often does earths wobble occur

A

24 billion years

153
Q

How often is tilt in earths orbit

A

41 thousand years

154
Q

How often eccentricity of orbit

A

100 thousand years

155
Q

Anthropogenic:

A

Manmade causes of global warming

156
Q

How much has world temp gone up

A

1*C

157
Q

What happens in valley breeze

A

Air rises

158
Q

What happens in mtn. breeze

A

Air falls

159
Q

What causes el ninõ

A

NE & SE trade winds

160
Q

How often is el ninõ

A

Every 7 years

161
Q

What do volcanic eruptions change

A

Albedo

162
Q

Name all 4 long term climate changes

A

Sunspots E Wobble E tilt Eccentricity of orbit

Geoscience (9 decks)

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