Occupation

Question 1

jargon

Answer 1

special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand.

Question 2

John Swales ‘The web of discourse’ (occupation)

Answer 2

Referred to as being part of a ‘discourse community’.
Within a workplace employees are part of a group who share a common purpose and goal within that web.

Question 3

Drew and Heritage’s research on jargon

Answer 3

suggested that knowing the relevant jargon allows us to make the job run more efficiently.

Question 4

Herrgard’s argument for jargon

Answer 4

In time-constrained situations efficiency is key so jargon works well here.

Question 5

David Crystals view on jargon

Answer 5

• leads to efficiency and optimal communication.
• builds a group identity in which more ‘elite’ members can emerge. e.g. bosses know/use more jargon.

Question 6

Spolsky’s negative view on jargon

Answer 6

you can stand out if you don’t know or use jargon correctly.

Question 7

examples of jargon

Answer 7

‘code eight’- means a officer needs help immediately (police)
‘depreciation’- process by which an asset loses value over a period of time (accounting)

Question 8

Koester (occupation)

Answer 8

Argues convos in a workplace can divide into ‘transactional’ and ‘interactional’ interactions.
- ‘transactional’ - about getting something done.
- ‘interactional’- about serving a social purpose.

Question 9

conversationalisation

Answer 9

(Norman Fairclough)
process by which interactions in workplaces become less+ less formal.

Question 10

Who did a theory called institutional talk?

Answer 10

Drew and Heritage 1992

Question 11

The 6 features of Drew and Heritage’s institutional talk

Answer 11

• goal orientation
• turn taking rules/restrictions
• structure
• professional lexis
• allowable contributions
• asymmetry

Question 12

Goal orientation

Answer 12

participants in a workplace usually focus on specific tasks/goals.

Question 13

turn taking rules/restrictions

Answer 13

special turn taking rules in operation or unwritten rules.

Question 14

asymmetry

Answer 14

one specific speaker who often has more power or specialist knowledge than the other.

Question 15

Herbert and Straight’s research on workplace convos

Answer 15

Compliments are paid, but the compliments move down the hierarchy.
e.g. bosses are more likely to pay you a compliment than you are to them.

Question 16

Hornyak (occupation)

Answer 16

believes that conversations are initiated by those who have the most power.

Question 17

Fairclough 2001- unequal encounters (occupation)

Answer 17

one speaker as powerful participant and others as less powerful.

Powerful participants place constraints upon less powerful.
e.g. teacher control what is said in a class

Question 18

what does Atkinson say about asymmetry? (occupation)

Answer 18

in certain workplaces the asymmetry is accentuated.
E.g. notes there is hyper-formal turn-taking order in parliament.

Question 19

What did Holmes and Stubbe investigate in 2003? (occupation)

Answer 19

ways managers would engage in phatic talk with employees.

Question 20

Phatic talk

Answer 20

‘small talk’ to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships.

Question 21

2 types of phatic talk Holmes and Stubbe uncovered?

Answer 21

Repressive discourse strategy and oppressive discourse strategy.

Question 22

Repressive discourse strategy

Answer 22

indirect way of exercising power through conversational constraints.

Question 23

oppressive discourse strategy

Answer 23

direct way of exercising power in convo

Question 24

What did Winnick demonstrate in 1976? (occupation)

Answer 24

that humour can be used to criticise authority.

Question 25

What does Winnick mock and challenge? (occupation)

Answer 25

mocks management speak
challenges asymmetrical power structure

Question 26

management speak

Answer 26

dresses up simple concepts so they appear more impressive

often used to create a feeling of ‘team spirit’ to motivate employees.

Question 27

examples of management speak

Answer 27

• ‘bring to the table’- bringing ideas.
• ‘pro-active’- doing your job

Question 28

John Swales- Discourse Community

Answer 28

group of people who work towards a common goal and share a method of communication.

Question 29

Feature of a discourse community

Answer 29

• share a set of common goals
• communicate internally
• specialise lexis+ discourse
• threshold level of expert members