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OCAT 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

COX?

A

Cyclo-oxygenase

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2
Q

Drug that uses prostaglandins to cause uterine contraction. Used in early abortion pills.

A

Misopristol

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3
Q

Produced as needed, lipophilllic messenger molecules

A

Prostaglandins

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4
Q

The abortion pill

A

Mifepristone / RU-486

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5
Q

Enzyme, constitutive. converts spidyboi into prostanoids

A

COX-1

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6
Q

Enzyme, Induced activity, has active site that can be selectively inhibitied. involved in inflammation

A

COX-2

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7
Q

Lipoxygenases

A

LOX

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8
Q

drug used to treat glaucoma

A

travoprost

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9
Q

corticosteroid, used in eye drops

A

Prednisolone

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10
Q

derived from AA

A

Endocannabinoids

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11
Q

“blissful” molecule. prefers CB1

A

Anandamide

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12
Q

Cannabinoid 1 receptors, primarily in the brain. GPCR

A

CB1 receptor

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13
Q

cannabinoid 2 receptor, peripheral. GPCR

A

CB2 receptor

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14
Q

Endocans are produced in POST SYNAPTIC cells, inhibits transmission of presynaptic neuron. Calms the system

A

Retrograde signalling

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15
Q

Relieves pain. Inhibits COX (major) Blocks anandamide reuptake (minor).

A

Acetaminophen/Paracetamol

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16
Q

together they will cause smooth muscle relaxation.

A

Nitric Oxide (NO) + ACH

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17
Q

small molecules of gas, produced endogenously in mammalian cells

A

Gasotransmitters

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18
Q

neuronal NOS. regulates Ca, fount in neurons + skeletal muscle.

A

nNOS

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19
Q

inducible NOS. doesnt regulate Ca. In macrophages and smooth muscle cell

A

iNOS

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20
Q

Endothelial NOS. Regulates Ca+. Found in endothelial cells and neurons

A

eNOS

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21
Q

Nitric oxide synthases

A

NOS

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22
Q

endotoxin causes iNOS activation. the NO then causes vasodialation. Makes you more likely to die

A

Septic Shock

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23
Q

Chest Pain, can be treated w NO.

A

Angina

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24
Q

Using light to observe microscopic samples

A

optical/light microscopy

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25
Q

Using wavelengths of light to stimulate fluorescence in the sample to observe specific structures

A

fluorescence microscopy

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26
Q

Antibody with fluorescent dye binds directly to structures

A

direct immunofluorescence

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27
Q

Antibody specific to the antigen binds first, then a secondary fluorescence antibody binds to the primary antibody

A

indirect immunofluorescence

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28
Q

A protein that fluoresces green. The gene can be inserted into protein genome to mark protein

A

green fluorescent protein (GFP)

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29
Q

A microscopy technique that adds depth information to fluorescence microscopy

A

confocal fluorescence microscopy

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30
Q

An electron microscopy technique that shows a cross section of the sample

A

transmission electron microscopy

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31
Q

An electron microscopy technique that shows surface topography of the sample

A

scanning electron microscopy

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32
Q

An umbrella term used to describe techniques that seperates the components of a cell, whilst preserving component functions

A

subcellular fractionation

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33
Q

A subcellular fractionation technique. Centrifugation performed on a sample using varying speeds. Large particles are seperated at low speeds, with smaller particles seperating at higher speeds

A

differential centrifugation

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34
Q

A subcellular fractionation technique. Centrifugation performed on a sample immersed in a gradient solution

A

gradient fractionation

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35
Q

Particles are seperated based on varying sedimentation coefficients (e.g. density or affinity)

A

gel electrophoresis

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36
Q

A technique used to seperate DNA, RNA or proteins using an electrical field

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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37
Q

A technique for replicating DNA to make small changes in DNA (e.g. changes in amount) more observable. A technique for replicating RNA (by converting it into DNA) to make small changes in RNA (e.g. changes in amount) more observable.

A

“reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)”

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38
Q

A technique for identifying and quantifying proteins in a sample

A

western blot

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39
Q

A technique for identifying and quantifying RNA sequences in a sample

A

northern blot

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40
Q

A technique for identifying and quantifying DNA sequences in a sample.

A

southern blot

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41
Q

Does not exist!!!

A

eastern blot

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42
Q

Using antibody carrying fluorescent dyes to analyze tissue structures

A

immunohistochemistry

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43
Q

Using antibody carrying fluorescent dyes to analyze cellular structures in cell cultures

A

immunocytochemistry

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44
Q

An assay used for detecting and quantifying peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones

A

ELISA

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45
Q

Organism level analysis

A

in vivo

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46
Q

Tissue level analysis (e.g. organ baths)

A

ex vivo

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47
Q

Isolated cell analysis (e.g. cell lines)

A

in vitro

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48
Q

An experimental setup used to analyze in vitro tissue samples

A

organ bath

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49
Q

An experimental setup used to measure membrane voltage potentials

A

Ussing chamber

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50
Q

Engineered cells for lab analysis. Can be engineered to exihibit specific traits (e.g. express only certain receptors)

A

cell lines

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51
Q

A dye that fluoresces when calcium concentrations increase

A

calcium sensitive dye

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52
Q

An umbralla term used to describe techniques for monitoring cAMP concentrations in a cell

A

cAMP biosensors

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53
Q

A dye that fluoresces under high cAMP concentrations. (higher cAMP channel activity)

A

Ca²⁺ sensitive dye

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54
Q

A dye that fluoresces less as cAMP concentrations increase

A

PKA sensor

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55
Q

Electrodes can be used to measure the movement of charged signal molecules through a live sample (e.g. serotonin and histamine)

A

electrochemical assay

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56
Q

A technique of tracking molecules by replacing atoms with radioactive isotopes. The radioactivity can then be tracked

A

radioisotope tracer

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57
Q

Radioisotopes that produces gamma radiation. Easier to detect.

A

gamma emitters

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58
Q

Radioisotopes that produces beta radiation. Difficult to detect.

A

beta emitters

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59
Q

A technique of obtaining a single receptor for analysis from a cell sample. Involves the removal of a piece of cell membrane using a glass micropipette

A

patch clamp

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60
Q

A technique of measuring cellular responses by using electrodes

A

intracellular microelectrode

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61
Q

Using manipulations that are known to cause the desired effects as a control

A

positive control

62
Q

Using manipulations that are known to not cause the desired effects as a control

A

negative control

63
Q

Lipophilic, persisting, non-polar mediators consisting of a 4-ring structure

A

steroid

64
Q

Steroids that are mostly made in the adrenal cortex.

A

corticosteroid

65
Q

Steroids that are mostly made in the gonads.

A

sex steroid

66
Q

Steroids are endocrine mediators; they affect cells far away from site of synthesis.

A

endocrine

67
Q

The raw material for steroid synthesis.

A

cholesterol

68
Q

An important intermediate in steroid synthesis. Converted from cholesterol. Step is rate limiting.

A

pregnenolone

69
Q

A pregnenolone derivatived intermediate hormone that is converted into other hormones.

A

progesterone

70
Q

A family of enzyme responsible for converting steroid intermediates into different types of steroids.

A

cytochrome

71
Q

An isomer made up by the same isomers, but arranged differently in space.

A

stereoisomer

72
Q

A class of corticosteroids that influences salt and water balances.

A

mineralocorticoid

73
Q

A mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium conservation.

A

aldosterone

74
Q

A class of corticosteroids that regulates glucose metabolism.

A

glucocorticoid

75
Q

A glucocorticoid that regulates stress response and blood-glucose concentration.

A

cortisol

76
Q

A class of sex hormones that are present in both sexes. Used for male traits and reproductive activity in males, and converted into estrogens in females. e.g. testosterone

A

androgen

77
Q

A primary male androgen hormone.

A

testosterone

78
Q

An androgen hormone that is more potent than testosterone (a more effective agonist to androgen receptors).

A

dihydroxytestosterone

79
Q

A class of sex hormones that are present predominently in females. Regulates female traits (menstral cycle, etc) and the female reproductive activity + secondary traits. e.g. estriol

A

estrogen

80
Q

A primary female estrogen hormone. Production increased during pregnancy.

A

estradiol

81
Q

A minor female estrogen hormone.

A

estrone

82
Q

An intermediate in the formation of androgen and estrogen hormones.

A

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

83
Q

A minor androgen hormone and an intermediate in the formation of estrone and testosterone from DHEA.

A

androstenedione

84
Q

An enzyme that converts intermediate androgen hormones into estrogen hormones.

A

aromatase

85
Q

An enzyme that converts intermediate testosterone into dihydroxytestosterone.

A

reductase

86
Q

Steroid-bound proteins that protect steroids in circulation.

A

carrier protein

87
Q

A carrier protein that protects corticosteroid hormones.

A

“corticosteroid-binding globulin (transcortin)”

88
Q

A carrier protein that protects sex hormones.

A

sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

89
Q

The amount of mediators available to be used by receptors. Steroids bound to carrier proteins are not bioavailable.

A

bioavailability

90
Q

Steroids bind to nuclear receptor then crosses the nuclear membrane to regulate DNA transcription.

A

class I nuclear receptor

91
Q

Proteins bound to class I nuclear receptors. Detatches as steroid binds. Detached HSP can act as signalling molecules.

A

heat shock proteins

92
Q

Steroids cross the nuclear membrane directly to bind to nuclear receptors. The complex then regulate DNA transcription.

A

class II nuclear receptor

93
Q

The poisonous amphibian specie that was used for the cortisol experiment.

A

“rough-skinned newt (taricha granulosa)”

94
Q

Newts’ foreplay strategy When newts get ready to get busy.

A

amplexus

95
Q

A corticosteroid that stops amplexus behaviors in newts instantly by interacting with the endocannabinoid system.

A

corticosterone

96
Q

Hormones that encourages the production of something in the body (e.g. muscle).

A

anabolic hormone

97
Q

Hormones that encourages the breakdown of something in the body (e.g. muscle loss).

A

catabolic hormone

98
Q

A range of conditions caused by excessive cortisol exposure.

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

99
Q

Hormones produced by the body.

A

endogenous

100
Q

Hormones introduced into the body from an external source (e.g. supplements).

A

exogenous

101
Q

A chemical signal released by the pituitary gland to signal for adrenal cortisol release.

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

102
Q

A tumor that serves as the primary causes for endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome by causing excessive ACTH release.

A

pituitary adenoma

103
Q

A synthetic, exogenous hormone that resembles cortisol and contributes to Cushing’s Syndrome.

A

prednisone

104
Q

A specific type of Cushing’s Syndrome caused by pituitary adenoma.

A

Cushing’s Disease

105
Q

A condition caused by adrenal insufficiencies, resulting in a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.

A

Addison’s Disease

106
Q

Drugs designed to achieve analgesia, or pain relief. Usually works by inducing the production of lipid-derived mediators.

A

analgesics

107
Q

Drugs that does what its name says. Common examples include ibuprofen.

A

“nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)”

108
Q

A 20 carbon acid derived from membrane phospholipids.

A

arachidonic (eicosa-tetra-enoic) acid

109
Q

An enzyme that cleaves phospholipids to produce arachidonic acids.

A

phospholipase A2

110
Q

The head of common phospholipids that are chopped off cleaved during AA production.

A

phosphocholine

111
Q

A chemical group on common phospholipids, where phospholipase A2 cleaves to produce AA.

A

glycerol

112
Q

A class of messenger molecules derived from arachidonic acid.

A

eicosanoids

113
Q

A type of eicosanoids that has widespread effects in the body.

A

prostaglandins

114
Q

A class of enzymes that converts AA into signalling molecules.

A

lipoxygenases (LOX)

115
Q

A class of enzymes that converts AA into signalling molecules, including prostaglandins.

A

cyclooxygenases (COX)

116
Q

An alternate form of COX that is responsible for the second step in the PG synthesis pathway (AA –> PGG₂ –> PGH₂).

A

peroxidase

117
Q

A type of COX enzyme that is constitutively (always) active.

A

COX-1 Constitutive

118
Q

A type of COX enzyme that activates on demand (e.g. via an endocrine messenger).

A

COX-2 Induced

119
Q

A 20 carbon compound with a rigid cyclopentane ring and two flexible floppy arms side chains. Forms the basis of prostaglandins.

A

prostanoic skeleton/acid

120
Q

Compounds derived from prostanoic acid; notably prostaglandins.

A

prostanoids

121
Q

Compounds derived from prostanoic acid, but contains cis C-C bonds in the sidechains.

A

isoprostanes

122
Q

An intermediate in the prostaglandins synthesis pathway, derived from AA. Formed in all tissues during PG synthesis.

A

PGH₂

123
Q

Two or more functionally similar proteins that share a similar (but different) amino acid sequence. Can be encoded by different genes or have different exons removed from the same gene.

A

isoform

124
Q

A type of prostanoid responsible for blood clotting.

A

thromboxane (TXA₂)

125
Q

A descriptor that describes prostaglandins’ ability to induce fever.

A

pyrogenic

126
Q

A synthetic prostaglandin that help to treat glaucoma by relieving intraocular pressure.

A

travoprost

127
Q

A side effect of travoprost experienced after cataract surgery; a result of high prostaglandin in the eyes.

A

cystoid macular edema (CME)

128
Q

A steroid used to treat CME complications resulting from travoprost use.

A

prednisolone

129
Q

Endogenous cannabinoid produced within the body, stimulates the cannabinoid receptors. They all belong in the eicosanoid family.

A

endocannabinoid

130
Q

An endogenous cannabinoid that stimulates the cannabinoid receptors. More selective for CB1 receptors.

A

anandamide

131
Q

“The other endocannabinoid.” - Slide 23. Less selective than 2-AG.

A

2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

132
Q

An enzyme responsible for converting phosphatidylethanolamine into NAPE.

A

acyltransferase

133
Q

An intermediate molecule for the anandamide synthesis pathway.

A

“N-arachidonoylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)”

134
Q

An enzyme that converts NAPE into anandamide.

A

phospholipase D

135
Q

A non-cannabinoid receptor that can also stimulated by endocannabinoids.

A

vanilloid receptors

136
Q

When a retrograde messenger is released by a postsynaptic dendrite/cell body, and travels backwards across the synapse to bind to a presynaptic axon terminal.

A

retrograde signalling

137
Q

Transporter protein on the cell membrane that transports anandamide and 2-AG into the cell for degradation.

A

edocannabinoid transporter

138
Q

An intracellular enzyme that degrades anandamide.

A

fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)

139
Q

Conjugately bind to arachidonic acid to form a TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor) agonist and inhibit anandamide uptake.

A

acetaminophen mechanism of action

140
Q

A type of endocannabinoid present in chocolate.

A

oleamide

141
Q

Tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels; secretes NO gas to regulate vasodilation.

A

endothelial cells/layer

142
Q

An amino acid; the precursor for NO.

A

arginine

143
Q

An enzyme that creates NO from arginine.

A

nitric oxide synthases (NOS)

144
Q

Present in the neurons and skeletal muscles. Always active (constitutive).

A

neuronal NOS (nNOS)

145
Q

Present in the macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Activity controlled via transcriptional control.

A

inducible NOS (iNOS)

146
Q

Present in the endothelial cells and neurons. Always active (constitutive).

A

endothelial NOS (eNOS)

147
Q

Reacts with nitric oxide to form NO-Hb derivatives.

A

hemoglobin

148
Q

An enzyme that produces cGMP from GTP in GPCR receptors.

A

guanylate/guanylyl cyclase

149
Q

A protein produced by guanylyl cyclase. Activates protein kinases in a cell.

A

“cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)”

150
Q

A NO donor, commonly used for inducing vasodilation.

A

nitroglycerin

151
Q

A class of drugs that reduces vascular tension and encourages vasodilation.

A

vasorelaxant

152
Q

Gaseous signalling molecules, including NO, H₂S and CO.

A

gasotransmitters

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