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Cell Bio > OCAT #3 > Flashcards

OCAT #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

system responsible for the spine and brain

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

system responsible for the nerves and ganglia outside the spine and brain

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

the gap in the myelin sheath of the nerve

A

node of ranvier

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4
Q

is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

A

Saltatory Conduction

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5
Q

insulating cover surrounding axon, allowing charge to conduct quickly down axon

A

myelin sheath

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6
Q

Small molecule N.T ex. Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Indoleamine

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7
Q

inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters - also the French word for button

A

bouton

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8
Q

can stop random action by a small hill

A

axon hillock

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9
Q

inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters - also the French word for button

A

bouton

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10
Q

can stop random action by a small hill

A

hillock

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11
Q

A receptor for acetylcholine

A

Cholinoreceptors

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12
Q

GPCR Cholinoreceptor (M135 increase IP3/DAG)

A

Muscarinic

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13
Q

Neuronal (Autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla) or Neuromuscular junction type. Receptors are ligand gated w pore, multiple loops and 5 subunits

A

Nicotinic

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14
Q

Works w ATPase to pump AcH into granules for storage

A

Vesicular Amine Transporter (VAT)

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15
Q

Enzyme for the synth of ACh from choline and Acetyl-CoA

A

Choline acetyltransferase

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16
Q

Breaks down ACh into Choline and Acetate, can be inhibited by OPs

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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17
Q

Insecticides/nerve agents, damages AChesterase, causes cholinergic crisis (eg.Diazinon) treated w atropine

A

Organophosphate Poisoning/toxicity

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18
Q

Chari’s fav, also used to decrease HR and saliva during surgery, antidote to OPP, antagonizes cholinergic muscarinic receptors

A

Atropine

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19
Q

amino acid (meat,fish,eggs,cheese) vital to production of dopamine/epi

A

Phenylalanine

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20
Q

A.A, Second step in Catecholamine Biosynth pathway

A

Tyrosine

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21
Q

3rd step in CBS pathway, (Tyrosine Hydroxylase)

A

L-Dopa

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22
Q

4th step in CBS pathway (DopaDecarboxylase), N.T in dopaminergic pathways

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Type of Small-Molecule N.T, contains catecholamines, imidazoleamines, Indoleamine

A

Biogenic Amines

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24
Q

Eg. Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine

A

Catecholamines

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25
Q

N.T Biogenic Amine, eg Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Indoleamine

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26
Q

N.T, Biogenic Amine Eg. Histamine

A

Imidazoleamine

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27
Q

N.T type eg. ATP

A

Purines

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28
Q

Big N.Ts, 3-30 NT long, packaged in secretory vesicles eg. METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN

A

Peptide N.Ts

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29
Q

Peptide N.T

A

METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN

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30
Q

cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath

A

Schwann Cell

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31
Q

Powerhouse, rion is singular

A

Mitochondrion (dria)

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32
Q

Ligand gated, antagonized by tubocurarine

A

NMJ Type nicotinic receptor

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33
Q

Antagonized by hexamethonium

A

Neuronal type nicotinic receptor

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34
Q

Used as arrow poison + Smoking cessation aid, muscle relaxant, blocks NMJ receptor

A

Tubocurarine

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35
Q

Benzene ring w 2 hydroxyls

A

Catechol (amines)

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36
Q

“God gene” polymorphism = spirituality

A

VMAT2

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37
Q

Converts dopamine –> NorEpi in granule

A

Dopamine B(eta) Hydroxylase

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38
Q

Enzyme, present in adrenorecptors Gi = A2, Gs=B123

A

Adenylate cyclase (Gi or Gs)

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39
Q

NET member of solute carrier family (Na/Cl/Norepi Symport) inhibited by cocaine, amphetamines, trycyclic antidepressants.

A

Noradrenaline Neuronal Uptake

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40
Q

Dopamine histamine and serotonin, inhibited by steroids

A

Noradrenaline NON neuronal uptake

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41
Q

Enzymatic degradation of NE, widely distributed

A

Catechol-O-methyl Transferase (COMT)

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42
Q

Enzymatic degradation of NE, mitochondrial, in neurons liver and intestine, inhibited by MAOIs

A

Monoamine Oxidase

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43
Q

Type of antidepressant, Tyramine in cheese may cause hypertensive crisis w this

A

MAOIs

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44
Q

active receptor triggers kinase which phosphlates receptor, is endocytosed, phosphatase dephosphos and returns to normal

A

NE Receptor desensitization

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45
Q

Nobel winner, NE receptors

A

Robert Lefkowitz

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46
Q

Class of A.Ds blocks NE uptake

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants

47
Q

Secondary active transport Membrane protein involved in transport of many molecules across membrane. They travel in SAME direction

A

Symporter / Symport

48
Q

OPPOSITE DIRECTION (one in one out) Secondary Active Transport, Membrane protein involved in transport of many molecules across membrane

A

Antiport

49
Q

Transport of molecules across membrane W/O ATP

A

Secondary active transport

50
Q

An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane. (uneven conc. = diffusion)

A

Electrochemical gradient

51
Q

Inside the cell relative to outside (-50 or -70mV)

A

Transmembrane Electric Potential

52
Q

everything thats not spine , autonomic (symp,parasymp,eneteric) = not controlable, somatic = controlable

A

Peripheral N.S

53
Q

Cellular process responsible for movement of organelles + Synaptic vesicles to and from neuron cell body through the axoplasm

A

Axonal Transport

54
Q

The cytoplasm of an axon

A

Axoplasm

55
Q

Controllable actions in skeletal muscle, through ACh synaptic vesicles onto nicotinic ACh receptors

A

Somatic Nervous System

56
Q

+1 element channel eg. Na and K

A

monovalent cation channel

57
Q

Kill urself for no money

A

Snake Milker

58
Q

“Average Joe”, p.ts to of GPCRs

A

Canonical

59
Q

Krait snake “Vicious Bastard”, slow and painless causes NMJ type nicotinic receptor inhibition

A

Bungarotoxin

60
Q

sensory info to the NS

A

Afferent

61
Q

Sensory info to effectors/muscles

A

Efferent

62
Q

A mesh like NS that controls GI track “Second brain in the stomach”

A

Enteric NS

63
Q

Toxin that cleaves SNARE proteins to not allow for vesicular fusion

A

Botulinum

64
Q

muscle that contracts to decrease pupil size

A

Pupillary sphincter

65
Q

muscle contracts to increase pupil size

A

pupillary dilator

66
Q

Aspects of the nervous system used to “calm” the body.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

67
Q

Aspects of the nervous system used for the “fight or flight” response.

A

sympathetic nervous system

68
Q

Calculate electrical potential across a membrane, taking into account the different ions (Na+, K+, etc), more realistic model

A

Goldman Equation

69
Q

Flows into a neuron to cause an increase in positive charges

A

Na+

70
Q

Flows out of a neuron to cause a decrease in positive charges

A

K+

71
Q

making a cell more negatively charged, due to loss of K+ ions

A

hyperpolarization

72
Q

Stays on the outside of the neuron to invoke a charge gradient

A

Cl- ions

73
Q

An anti port that pumps out sodium and pumps in potassium via active transport

A

Sodium-potassium channel/pump

74
Q

Located at the axon terminals, allow calcium to enter to release neurotransmitters from the vesicles

A

Ca+ channel

75
Q

Proteins, similar to VAMPs and SNAPs, that allow vesicles to dock, fuse and release neurotransmitters. (v and t SNAREs)

A

SNAREs

76
Q

Enzymes are made in the cell body and transported to the terminal. The enzymes then produce the transmitters and package them

A

Small molecule neurotransmitters

77
Q

Transmitters are made and packaged in the cell body and transported to the terminal.

A

Peptide neurotransmitters

78
Q

An insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterases.

A

Organophosphate

79
Q

Slow acting enzyme that converts tyrosine into DOPA; rate limiting step.

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

80
Q

An intermediate between tyrosine and dopamine

A

DOPA

81
Q

An enzyme that converts DOPA to dopamine.

A

DOPA decarboxylase

82
Q

An enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine.

A

Dopamine beta hydroxylase

83
Q

An enzyme that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine.

A

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

84
Q

Neurons that produces dopamine from DOPA.

A

Dopaminergic neurons

85
Q

Neurons that produces norepinephrine from dopamine.

A

Noradrenergic neurons

86
Q

Contains neurons that converts norepinephrine into epinephrine.

A

Adrenal medulla

87
Q

Neuronal uptake of noradrenaline; high affinity, selective, inhibited by cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants, amphetamines.

A

Norepinephrine transporter (NET)

88
Q

Membrane-bound enzymes that degrades noradrenalines.

A

Catechol-o-methyl transferase

89
Q

Receptors that recognizes and responds to adrenaline-like molecules.

A

Adrenergic receptor

90
Q

Receptors that recognizes and responds to ACh.

A

Cholinergic receptor

91
Q

The propagation of charges down the axon of a neuron.

A

Axoplasmic flow

92
Q

The equilibrium potential for potassium ions.

A

Resting membrane potential

93
Q

relies upon a mix of cholinergic nicotinic (post ganglionic) and adrenergic (target tissue) receptors

A

Sympathetic pathway

94
Q

relies upon cholinergic nicotinic (post ganglionic) and cholinergic muscarinic (target tissue) receptors.

A

Parasympathetic pathway

95
Q

An organoposphate that inhibits acetylcholinesterase

A

Sarin gas

96
Q

The “default” tone of the nervous system when ganglions are stimulated

A

Predominant Autonomic tone

97
Q

Datura stramonium

A

Atropine Flower

98
Q

Reversal of predominant tone, effects determined by strength of initial tone

A

Ganglionic Blockade

99
Q

Muscle that helps you see at different distances

A

Ciliary muscle

100
Q

Puffer fish with a side of blocked sodium

A

Pufferfish (TETRODOTOXIN) (TTX/TDX?)

101
Q

A stinging pain followed by an open Na Channel

A

Scorpiontoxin

102
Q

One deadly, and papal family

A

The Borgias

103
Q

My, what big eyes you have

A

Dilator

104
Q

Pre preganglionic, Parasymp said to have this flow

A

Craniosacral

105
Q

relating to the viscera or internal organs esp. in the abdomen

A

splanchnic

106
Q

Extensions of nerve cell that propagate electrochem stimulation

A

Dendrites

107
Q

Ionic basis of neural function

A

Soup and sparks

108
Q

Time for a rest

A

refractory

109
Q

Sympathetic ganglions are said to have this flow

A

Thoracolumbar

110
Q

part of the body other than reproductive cells, drug that produces euphoria

A

Soma

111
Q

Enzyme that modifies proteins, largely by phosphorylating

A

Kinase

112
Q

nerve cell cluster in ANS where two neural endings talk

A

Ganglion

113
Q

Vicious, imaginative, skilled poisoner

A

Nature

114
Q

Poisoined challace, nature makes them look chill

A

The Borgias

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