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Cell Bio > OCAT #2 > Flashcards

OCAT #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetic information contained within the cell nucleus.

A

DNA

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2
Q

Molecules that bind to inactive receptors, but only cause conformation changes in some of the receptors. Shifts the equilibrium towards the inactive receptors.

A

partial inverse agonist

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3
Q

The positively charged end group of an amino acid.

A

amine (group), N-terminus

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4
Q

The addition of a poly A tail to a mRNA.

A

polyadenylation

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5
Q

Unit of time of sedimentation of ultracentrifugation.

A

svedberg

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6
Q

A protein that help with transduction of the message from extracellular to intracellular messengers.

A

g-protein

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7
Q

A complex made up of pol II and transcription factors,. Used for initializing and transcribing DNA into RNA.

A

initiation complex

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8
Q

An organelle present in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum that translates RNA sequences into polypeptides.

A

ribosome

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9
Q

A model of Golgi function that dictates that protein form cis-medial-trans complexes with the apparatus as it is being processed.

A

cisternal maturation model

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10
Q

A second messenger used in many transduction pathways, synthesized by adenylate cyclase.

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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11
Q

A single ringed pyrimidine found only in DNA; see nucleobases.

A

thymine

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12
Q

Proteins that had sugar groups added to it.

A

glycoprotein

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13
Q

Segments of DNA that is capable of controlling the rate of gene expression with the binding of repressors and activators.

A

regulatory sequences

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14
Q

Occupation of a single receptor by an agonist leads to a response.

A

pharmacological agonism

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15
Q

Completion of transcription. Splicing and polyadenylation occurs.

A

termination (transcription)

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16
Q

A cascade of subsequent kinase reactions that amplifies the signal down the cascade.

A

amplification cascade

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17
Q

Messenger with a fast OFF rate and a low affinity.

A

neurotransmitter

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18
Q

A receptor that transduces a message using g-proteins.

A

g-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

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19
Q

Transmission and amplification of intercellular cell signals into intracellular signals, causing an effect.

A

transduction

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20
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA; adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil.

A

nucleobase

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21
Q

Segments in the mature mRNA/original DNA that codes for amino acid sequences.

A

exon

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22
Q

A protein that binds to the enhancer region that increase the rate of transcription.

A

activator

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23
Q

Found on rough ER, make proteins heading for outside of membrane or onto the membrane.

A

membrane bound ribosomes

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24
Q

Removal of the non-coding intron regions in RNA transcripts, leaving only exons behind.

A

splicing

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25
Q

C-terminus region signal used for sorting by the Golgi.

A

retention signals

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26
Q

Randomness.

A

stochastic

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27
Q

A nucleoside (a nucleobase attached to a sugar molecule) attached to one or more phosphate groups.

A

nucleotide

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28
Q

Binding of both lights at different sites.

A

allosteric

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29
Q

First step of gene expression, the process that converts DNA into mRNA.

A

transcription

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30
Q

A region upstream from the encoding gene, where transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind.

A

core promoter (sequence)

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31
Q

An initiation protein that help the ribosome to seek out the five-prime cap on the mRNA to initiate translation.

A

eIF4E

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32
Q

Proposed by AJ Clark, uses the “empty chair” model. Action/response level of the drug is totally dependent on the number/proportion of receptors that are occupied by messenger molecules. Max. response is obtained when all receptors had been occupied.

A

classical receptor theory

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33
Q

More complex folding of the protein caused by polarity, ionic bonding, disulphide crosslinks, etc. Polar side chains tend to fold outwards, while non-polar side chains tend to fold inwards.

A

tertiary structure

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34
Q

RNA seperation method.

A

northern blot

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35
Q

An enzyme that undergo reversible phosphorylation to transmit and amplify signals.

A

protein kinase

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36
Q

Proteins that re-fold cytosolic proteins.

A

chaperone proteins

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37
Q

Cutting of proteins

A

cleavage

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38
Q

Occupation of a single receptor by an antagonist interferes with that response.

A

pharmacological antagonism

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39
Q

An enzyme that adds negative acetyl groups to the positively charged histones, decreasing its positive charge. The chromatin relaxes and elongates, allow the transcription proteins to access the DNA easier, speeding up transcription.

A

histone acetyltransferase (HATs)

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40
Q

Parasites (like virus) that cannot reproduce outside

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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41
Q

A straw-like lever used in early organ bath setups.

A

straw lever

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42
Q

A protein that controls the rate of transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences.

A

transcription factors

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43
Q

Two receptors, with two agonists. Agonists produce opposite effects.

A

physiological antagonism

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44
Q

A processed transcript that had underwent processing. Introns are spliced, and 5’ caps and poly-A tails are added.

A

mature mRNA

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45
Q

A medium sized virus without a lipid coat, contains DNA that are injected into the human genome. Infect respiratory tracks.

A

adenovirus

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46
Q

Measure of the drug activity expressed in the amt. required to reach EC50.

A

potency

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47
Q

An enzyme present in retroviruses that converts its RNA information back to DNA in order to integrate the DNA into the host cell’s DNA.

A

reverse transcriptase

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48
Q

tRNAs add amino acids to the polypeptide chain.

A

elongation (translation)

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49
Q

A device that converts contractions to electrical signals in modern organ bath setups.

A

force displacement transducer

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50
Q

A DNA and protein complex that packages long DNA molecules into denser forms.

A

chromatin

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51
Q

Naturally synthesized amino acids.

A

proteinogenic AA

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52
Q

An enzyme that breaks down cAMP molecules.

A

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

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53
Q

Molecules that bind to receptors, but only initiates a weakened response.

A

partial agonist

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54
Q

Double ringed nucleobases.

A

purine

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55
Q

A three part protein structure (g-protein).

A

trimeric

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56
Q

Carries an amino acid and an anticodon, used to translate codons into amino acids.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

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57
Q

A secondary intracellular messenger that transports and amplifies an incoming message in the transduction pathway.

A

second messenger

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58
Q

Structure of the polypeptide that is determined by the sequence of amino acids.

A

primary structure

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59
Q

Combination of multiple polypeptide subunits to create a protein.

A

quaternary structure

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60
Q

Number of same polypeptide complexes in a quaternary structure, more than 20 is referred to as a “#-mer”.

A

dimers, trimers, tetramers…

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61
Q

cytosol ribosome —> ER for packaging into vesicles —> Golgi apparatus for sorting

A

biosynthetic-secretory pathway

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62
Q

A type of virus that uses reverse transcriptase to incorporate its RNA information into the host cell’s DNA.

A

retrovirus

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63
Q

A graph of molecular concentration vs. the response level.

A

concentration-response curve

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64
Q

An enzyme that removes acetyl groups from the histone, increasing the histone’s positive charge. The chromatin becomes shorter and tighter, making it more difficult for the the transcription proteins to access the DNA, slowing down transcription.

A

histone deacetylase (HDAC)

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65
Q

AKA messenger molecules.

A

ligand/mediator

66
Q

Found in cytosol, make proteins that are used only within the cell.

A

free ribosomes

67
Q

Slow protein synthesis.

A

eukaryote protein synthesis speed

68
Q

DNA seperation method.

A

southern blot

69
Q

The last phase of the Golgi complex that send the protein to its intended destination.

A

trans-golgi

70
Q

A protein that binds to the silencer region that decrease the rate of transcription.

A

repressor

71
Q

Chemical bonds formed between two or more amino acids.

A

peptide bond

72
Q

When the on rate and off rate equalizes; the same amount of drug is bonded to the receptor at any time.

A

equilibrium

73
Q

The negatively charged end group of an amino acid.

A

carboxylic acid (group), C-terminus

74
Q

A change in conformation of a receptor protein after the binding of ligands.

A

conformational change

75
Q

Proteins that help to detach the translated polypeptide chain from the ribosome after the ribosome had reached the stop codon.

A

termination proteins (eRF)

76
Q

An unprocessed transcript that still has its introns and does not have a poly-A tail.

A

precursor RNA (pre-RNA)

77
Q

Orthosteric interaction. An antagonist that competes with agonists for receptor binding active sites.

A

competitive/reversible/surmountable antagonist

78
Q

Addition of a methyl group to a polypeptide.

A

methylation

79
Q

A small portion of proteins are capable of functioning even without ligand binding due to random changes in their conformation.

A

constitutive activity

80
Q

Messenger molecule added from the outside

A

exogenous

81
Q

A molecule that binds to a receptor and elicits a response.

A

agonist

82
Q

Full response when only a small fraction of receptors are occupied.

A

spare receptors

83
Q

Folding and shaping of the polypeptide that is caused by hydrogen bonding between the N and C terminus of amino acids. Examples are alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets.

A

secondary structure

84
Q

Single ringed nucleobases.

A

pyrimidine

85
Q

A single ringed pyrimidine found only in RNA; see nucleobases.

A

uracil

86
Q

A type of promotor sequence that allows the binding of TFIId.

A

TATA (sequence)

87
Q

Addition of an acyl group to a polypeptide.

A

acylation

88
Q

Addition of a sugar molecule to the translated polypeptide.

A

glycosylation (translation)

89
Q

Attachment of methyl groups to cytosine in promoter region to repress transcription.

A

DNA methylation

90
Q

Antibody tags that can be observed using light microscopy or fluorescence microscopy.

A

immunohistochemistry

91
Q

Proteins that assist the ribosome in elongating the polypeptide chain.

A

elongation proteins (eEFs)

92
Q

Positively charged proteins that help coil the DNA strands into nucleosomes.

A

histone

93
Q

An energy molecule used to activate adenylyl cyclase.

A

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

94
Q

DNA unwinds and pol II adds nucleotides in the 5’ —> 3’ direction.

A

elongation (transcription)

95
Q

A biological molecule made up of repeating subunits.

A

biopolymer

96
Q

Misfolded proteins that can misfold normal proteins.

A

prion

97
Q

Molecules that bind to inactive receptors and cause a conformation change, shifting the equilibrium towards the inactive receptors.

A

full inverse agonist

98
Q

Non-coding segments in the precursor RNA transcript/original DNA that is spliced.

A

intron

99
Q

A long chain of amino acids, bonded via peptide bonds.

A

polypeptide

100
Q

Subunits of kinases that detach to activate other kinases upon activation.

A

catalytic units

101
Q

A dictation of the flow of genetic information, from DNA —> RNA —> Peptides using transcription and translation.

A

central dogma

102
Q

Molecules that bind to receptors and initiates a full response.

A

full agonist

103
Q

A model of GPCR function that consists of 3 units: the agonist, the receptor and the g-protein.

A

ternary complex model

104
Q

Binding of RNA polymerase onto the promoter sequence.

A

initiation (transcription)

105
Q

Full response absent even with all receptors occupied.

A

partial agonism

106
Q

Genetic information that is usually found outside of the nucleus. Contains uracil instead of thymine.

A

RNA

107
Q

Regions of the regulatory sequence that allow the binding of repressors to decrease the rate of transcription.

A

silencer

108
Q

The same allosteric modulator can have different effects depending on the agonist.

A

probe dependence

109
Q

Binding of mRNA to the ribosome.

A

initiation (translation)

110
Q

A measure of the potency of messenger molecules; the concentration of messenger molecules when 50% efficacy had been reached.

A

EC50

111
Q

A three nucleobase sequence that matches to a codon.

A

anticodon

112
Q

An enzyme that produces cAMP from ATP molecules.

A

adenylyl (adenylate) cyclase

113
Q

A double ringed purine; see nucleobases.

A

adenine

114
Q

N-terminus region signals protein half-life and destination organelle.

A

targeting & survival signals

115
Q

A molecule that binds to a receptor and does not elicit a response.

A

antagonist

116
Q

A protein that binds to the TATA region of the promoter, and trigger the binding of pol II and transcription.

A

transcription factor II D (TFIID)

117
Q

A double ringed purine; see nucleobases.

A

guanine

118
Q

Ribosome reaches a stop codon and stop translation.

A

termination (translation)

119
Q

Messenger RNA; a copy of the DNA information that is sent out of the nucleus.

A

mRNA

120
Q

Protein’s ability to change its conformation depending on the energy/molecules available and by random chance.

A

protein malleability

121
Q

A protein that accepts an incoming messenger molecule and translates it into intracellular messages.

A

receptor

122
Q

Positively charged amino acids on histone proteins that attracts the negatively charged ribose backbone on the DNA strands.

A

lysine

123
Q

Non-coding regions surrounding the reading frame of the mRNA on both sides. The length can control translation efficiency.

A

untranslated region (UTR)

124
Q

A sequence of three DNA/RNA nucleotides that corresponds with an amino acid or a stop signal during translation.

A

codon

125
Q

Orthosteric interaction. An antagonist that binds to a receptor’s active site covalently, disabling it indefinitely.

A

noncompetitive/irreversible/nonsurmountable antagonist

126
Q

Ability to bind to receptors.

A

affinity

127
Q

Number of different polypeptide complexes in a quaternary structure, more than 20 is referred to as a “hetero-#-mer”.

A

heterodimers, heterotrimers, heterotetramers…

128
Q

A single ringed pyrimidine; see nucleobases.

A

cytosine

129
Q

An essential component of ribosomes.

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

130
Q

Separation of substances based on surface area by spinning the substances at extremely fast speeds.

A

ultracentrifugation

131
Q

Regions of the regulatory sequence that allow the binding of activators to increase the rate of transcription.

A

enhancer

132
Q

Second step of gene expression, the process that manufactures polypeptides from mRNA.

A

translation

133
Q

The medial Golgi complex that is formed while the Golgi apparatus packages the protein.

A

medial-golgi

134
Q

When an allosteric modulator enhances agonist response.

A

potentiation response

135
Q

Messenger molecule produced within the cell

A

endogenous

136
Q

An altered nucleotide on the 5’ end of RNA transcripts.

A

five-prime cap (5’)

137
Q

A nucleobase attached to a sugar molecule.

A

nucleoside

138
Q

A thread-like DNA structure in the nucleus that carries genetic information.

A

chromosome

139
Q

Fast protein synthesis.

A

prokaryote protein synthesis speed

140
Q

Subunits of kinases that contain activation sites.

A

regulatory units

141
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics that binds inversely to 30s subunits and disable prokaryotic cells.

A

tetracycline

142
Q

Processed polypeptides that perform functions throughout the body.

A

protein

143
Q

An antagonist that behaves like an irreversible antagonist but do not form a covalent bond. It is simply slower at dissociation.

A

pseudo-irreversible

144
Q

The “equilibrium law”.

A

law of mass action

145
Q

An enzyme that cleaves nucleotides from DNA or RNA, used for splicing.

A

exonuclease

146
Q

Ability to produce a response.

A

efficacy

147
Q

A segment at the end of mRNA transcripts that contain only adenine bases.

A

poly-a tail

148
Q

Protein seperation method that involves immunohistochemistry.

A

western blot

149
Q

Proteins that assist with the initiation of the translation process.

A

initiation proteins (eIFs)

150
Q

Regions of DNA that initiates transcription.

A

promoter

151
Q

A protein that transcripts DNA into pre-mRNA.

A

RNA polymerase

152
Q

A subunit of chromatin made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

A

nucleosome

153
Q

Binding of both ligands at one site.

A

orthosteric

154
Q

The internal section of GPCR that binds to the g-proteins.

A

GPCR bridge

155
Q

Addition of the five-prime cap, happens during transcription.

A

capping

156
Q

When an allosteric modulator inhibits agonist response.

A

inhibition response

157
Q

A parasite that replicates by injecting its RNA into cells, and hijacks the cell’s manufacturing mechanisms to replicate itself.

A

virus

158
Q

Transducer constant, practical measure of efficacy.Affected by efficiencies of the intracellular transduction pathway.

A

tau

159
Q

Parallel processing; more than 1 ribosome attached to mRNA at a time, mRNA become circular.

A

polysomes/polyribosome/ergosomes

160
Q

The initial Golgi complex that is formed with the Golgi apparatus and the protein.

A

cis-golgi

Cell Bio (4 decks)

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