Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 5 types of obsessive compulsive disorders listed in the DSM 5?

A
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Body dysmorphic disorder
  • Hoarding disorder
  • Hair pulling disorder
  • Skin picking disorder
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2
Q

What are the behaviors of people with obsessive compulsive disorder supposed to reduce?

A
  • It is supposed to reduce anxiety
  • Ex: skin picking is supposed to reduce pleasure because when people are stressed they need a distraction for their issues
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3
Q

What are obsessions?

A
  • Recurrent, persistent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges or images
  • The person wants to ignore, suppress, or neutralize the thoughts words or images
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4
Q

What are compulsions?

A
  • Repetitive behaviors that the person feels compelled to perform to prevent distress or a dreaded event
  • The person feels compelled to perform the repetitive behavior or thoughts in response to obsessions or according to rigid rules
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5
Q

What makes obsessions or compulsions a clinical concern for the individual?

A
  • They take up at least an hour per day
  • Or cause the person significant distress or impairment
  • The person does not want them
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6
Q

What are the main features of obsessive compulsive disorder?

A
  • unwanted thoughts
  • create significant anxiety
  • often drive repetitive behavior that is excessive
  • not a part of the person’s control
  • ego-dystonic
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7
Q

What are the five forms of obsessions?

A
  • Doubts
  • Images
  • Thoughts
  • Impulses
  • Fears
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8
Q

What are five forms of compulsive rituals?

A
  • Cleaning
  • Checking
  • Repeating
  • Hoarding
  • Orderliness
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9
Q

What are obsessions in terms of obsessive compulsive disorder?

A
  • Intrusive, persistent, and uncontrollable thoughts or urges
  • Experienced as irrational
  • Most common: contamination, sexual and aggressive impulses, body problems
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10
Q

What are compulsions in terms of obsessive compulsive disorder?

A
  • Impulse to repeat certain behaviors or mental acts to avoid distress (ex: cleaning, counting, touching, checking)
  • Extremely difficult to resist the impulse
  • May involve elaborate behavior rituals
  • Compulsive gambling, eating etc. are NOT considered compulsions since they are pleasurable
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11
Q

Do males and females have the same rate of OCD?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the performance element in OCD?

A
  • People perform to just perform! They would rather do it alone and lie about what their disorder actually is
  • Does not always reduce anxiety
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13
Q

What percentage of OCD patients experience obsessions and compulsions?

A

69%

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14
Q

What percentage of OCD patients only experience obsessions?

A

25%

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15
Q

What percentage of patients only experience compulsions?

A

6%

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16
Q

When does OCD develop?

A
  • Age 10 or during late adolescence/early adulthood
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17
Q

What population of people are more likely to seek treatment?

A

Women

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18
Q

What does the comorbidity rate for OCD?

A

75%

  • Depression
  • Hoarding
  • Substance use disorder
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19
Q

What is the psychodynamic explanation for OCD?

A
  • Fixation at the anal stage of development

- Reaction formation

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20
Q

What is the biological model for OCD?

A
  • Genetic factors

- Dysfunction for in circuitry involving frontal cortex

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21
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral model for OCD?

A
  • Extremist (black and white) thinking

- Magical thinking

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22
Q

How much more likely are monozygotic twins with OCD prone to developing OCD?

A

20 times

23
Q

What two brain structures are most commonly associated with OCD?

A

Increased metabolic activity orbital frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, cingulate gyrus cortex

24
Q

What brain structure is most common with OCD?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
25
Q

What are the behavioral components of OCD?

A
  • Operant reinforcement

- Compulsions negatively reinforced

26
Q

What are the cognitive components of OCD?

A
  • Lack of satiety signal
  • Individuals with OCD have a yadasentience (feeling of completion) deficit
  • Attempts to suppress intrusive thoughts
27
Q

What are psychological treatments for OCD?

A
  • Exposure response prevention (ERP)

- Cognitive therapy

28
Q

What are medications to treat OCD?

A
  • SSRI’s

- Antidepressants

29
Q

What are biological treatments of OCD?

A

Psychotherapy

30
Q

What does cognitive therapy look like in OCD?

A
  • Challenge beliefs about anticipated consequences of not engaging in compulsions
31
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A
  • Preoccupied with imagined or exaggerated defect or appearance
  • Perceive themselves to be monstrous or ugly
  • High levels of anxiety, shame, and depression
32
Q

What do women focus on with body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Skin, hips, legs, breasts

33
Q

What do men focus on with body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Height, penis size, body hair, muscularity

34
Q

What compulsive behaviors do people with body dysmorphic disorder engage in?

A
  • Check their appearance in mirrors often

- Camouflage their appearance

35
Q

Do men or women more commonly have body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Women

36
Q

What is the comorbidity rate for body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Almost all

37
Q

What are the cognitive and behavioral factors of body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Focus on detail of appearance

  • There is no actual distortion of appearance
  • People attend to physical attractiveness features
  • Miss the whole picture
  • Become engrossed in small flaws
  • Believe in an exaggerated importance of appearance
38
Q

What brain structures commonly display hyperactivity in body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus

39
Q

What are medications used to treat body dysmorphic disorder?

A

SSRIs

40
Q

What does cognitive therapy look like for people who have body dysmorphic disorder?

A
  • Challenge beliefs about bodily imperfections

- Challenge beliefs about standards of beauty

41
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A

Cannot part or form an attachment with acquired objects that are usually worthless

42
Q

What percentage of people are unaware that they have hoarding disorder?

A

66%

43
Q

What percentage of people with hoarding disorder hoard animals and how does this affect the animals?

A

33% - they receive poor care and often dirty living areas with poop (69% of cases have animal feces left around the living space

44
Q

What does hoarding disorder usually result in for living conditions?

A

The accumulation of a large number of possessions that clutter active living spaces of the home or workplace of the extent that their intended use is compromised unless others intervene

45
Q

What are vulnerability factors of hoarding disorder?

A
  • Genetic influences
  • Family history
  • Traumatic life events
  • Early experiences
46
Q

What are the information processing problems people with hoarding disorder have?

A
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Executive functioning
47
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of hoarding disorder?

A
  • The adaptive need to stockpile resources
48
Q

What are the cognitive behavioral factors of hoarding disorder?

A
  • Poor organizational ability
  • Unusual beliefs about possessions
  • Avoidance behaviors
49
Q

What percentage of women have hoarding disorder?

A

76%

50
Q

What percentage of people with hoarding disorder are 60 and older

A

46%

51
Q

What is the goal of exposure with response prevention?

A

To gradually expose patients to their obsessions in a safe and controlled environment. Therapy will then become more intensive as patients demonstrate an ability to handle their obsessions.

52
Q

What is trichotillomania?

A

Hair pulling disorder: A compulsive desire to pull out one’s hair

53
Q

What is excoriation?

A

Skin picking disorder