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EXAM 2 - Psych 405 > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main elements of anxiety?

A
  • Behavioral response
  • A physiological reaction
  • An internal psychological feeling
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2
Q

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

A 
Fear: 
- Response to an immediate threat 
- "I am in danger!"
- Increased heart rate 
- Desire to escape or run 
Anxiety: 
- More general
- "I am worried about what might happen"
- Tension 
- General avoidance
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3
Q

What are the nine different anxiety disorders in the DSM 5?

A
  • Panic disorder
  • Panic attack disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Specific phobia
  • Social anxiety disorder
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
  • Separation anxiety disorder
  • Substance induced anxiety disorder
  • Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
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4
Q

What percentage of people with mental illnesses report having anxiety?

A

20%

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5
Q

What is the main feature of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Chronic state of uncontrollable or excessive worry

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6
Q

What are some of the issues of generalized anxiety disorder in terms of diagnosis?

A
  • There can be nonspecific risk factors versus disorders in their own right
  • Hard to diagnose
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7
Q

What is the psychodynamic explanation of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Anxiety due to unconscious conflicts between the id and ego

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8
Q

What is the systems model for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Affected individuals have the physiological inability to fully resolve the problem so the anxiety persists

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9
Q

What are medications for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Anti anxiety medications e.g. benzodiazepines

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10
Q

What are psychological treatments for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Exposure based treatment that challenges the client to confront the situations/objects that are causing them worry
- Systematic desensitization

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11
Q

What are examples of this psychological techniques for generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • Relaxation training
  • Cognitive behavioral methods
  • Challenge and modify negative thoughts
  • Increase ability to tolerate uncertainty
  • Worry only during scheduled times
  • Focus on present moment
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12
Q

What are essential features of panic disorders?

A
  • Occurrence of recurrent panic attacks
  • Must have 4 or more panic attacks in a 4 week period to meet diagnostic criteria
  • Can be with or without agoraphobia
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13
Q

What are uncued attacks?

A
  • Occur unexpectedly or without warning
  • Panic disorder diagnosis requires recurrent uncued attacks
  • Causes worry about future attacks
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14
Q

What are cued attacks?

A
  • Triggered by specific situations

- Phobia based

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15
Q

What is the role of norepinephrine in panic attacks?

A
  • Increased levels of norepinephrine increase the likelihood of panic attacks
  • SNRIs inhibit this reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
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16
Q

What are genetic factors of panic attacks?

A

It is 10x more likely in families with panic disorder

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17
Q

Where are panic attacks triggered in the brain?

A

Locus coeruleus

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18
Q

Where is secondary anxiety generated?

A

Limbic system

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19
Q

Where is avoidance mediated?

A

Frontal lobes

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20
Q

What is the biological theory of panic, anxiety, and agoraphobia?

A
  • Panic attacks arise in the amygdala in the locus coeruleus
  • Anticipatory anxiety people experience about having another panic attack is generated in the hippocampus of the limbic system
  • Avoidance from social situations is generated in the frontal lobes
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21
Q

What medication treat panic disorder?

A
  • SSRIs (antidepressants)
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22
Q

What are psychological treatments to treat panic disorder?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy
A. teaching patient about panic
B. training anxiety reduction techniques (breathing)
C. cognitive techniques (distraction)

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23
Q

What percentage of people who take SSRIs and stop have relapse symptoms?

A

40%

24
Q

What is panic control therapy (PCT)?

A
  • Exposure to somatic sensations associated with a panic attack in a safe setting
  • ## Coping strategies (breathing, relaxation)
25
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A
  • Fear of being in places in which escape would be difficult
  • Fear of open spaces
26
Q

What fraction of people with agoraphobia are women?

A

2/3

27
Q

What do symptoms of agoraphobia look like?

A
  • Examined with panic attacks but some do not experience panic like symptoms
  • Can be mild at first
  • Symptoms are less when with a trusted friend
28
Q

Agoraphobia is marked about having fear of one of the following

A
  • Using public transportation
  • Being in open spaces
  • Being in enclosed spaces
  • Standing in line or being in a crowd
  • Being outside the home
29
Q

What are 7 common fears?

A
  1. Injections
  2. Flying
  3. Cats
  4. Clowns
  5. Bridges
  6. Blood
  7. Spiders
30
Q

What are phobias?

A

Persistent and irrational fear associated with specific objects or situations leading to avoidance

31
Q

What is the psychodynamic explanation of phobias?

A

Unconscious conflict that is strictly clinical

32
Q

What is the biological model for phobias?

A

Preparedness hypothesis and evolutionary significance (bears and snakes)

33
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral model for phobias?

A
  • Learned through association through classical conditioning
  • Concept of self-efficacy
34
Q

How are specific phobias treated?

A

Systematic desensitization

  • imaginal versus in vivo exposure
  • flooding
35
Q

What treatments are not recommended for phobias?

A

Medication

36
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

A persistent fear of one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that they will act in a way that is humiliating or embarrassing.

37
Q

Is social anxiety disorder more common in females or males and what do they have a hard time receiving/doing?

A

Males: have a hard time receiving social criticism and eating or drinking in front of others

38
Q

When does social anxiety disorder usually start?

A

Adolescence

39
Q

What is the difference between social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia?

A

Social anxiety disorder: fear of being introduced

Agoraphobia: being alone, public spaces, stores

40
Q

What are cognitive factors of social anxiety disorder?

A
  • Unrealistic negative beliefs about about consequences of behaviors
  • Excessive attention to internal cues
  • Fear of negative evaluation by others (expect people to dislike them)
  • Negative self evaluation (harsh on themselves)
41
Q

How is social anxiety disorder treated via psychological treatments?

A
  • Exposure and social skills training
  • Exposure and cognitive-behavioral therapy involving cognitive reconstruction
  • Important for self-efficacy and confidence that a person can cope successfully
42
Q

How is social anxiety disorder treated via medication?

A
  • Antidepressants

- Anti-anxiety medications (can be addictive)

43
Q

What is separation anxiety disorder?

A
  • Excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from the home or the attachment figure
  • MUST be excessive
  • Decreases prevalence with age
44
Q

What is selective mutism?

A
  • Inability or failure to speak in social situations where the expectation is to speak such as school
  • Not just related to autism spectrum disorder
  • Very rare
  • Mostly seen in children
45
Q

What does social anxiety disorder increase with?

A

Increases with substance use disorder

46
Q

What percent of people with anxiety disorder meet the criteria for another anxiety disorder?

A

80%

47
Q

What are the causes of comorbidity?

A
  • Symptoms used to diagnose the various anxiety disorders overlap: social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia both involve fear of large crowds
  • Etiological factors may increase risk for more than one anxiety disorder
48
Q

What percent of those with an anxiety have another psychological disorder?

A

75%

49
Q

What are disorders typically comorbid with anxiety?

A
  • 60% of those with anxiety also have depression
  • Substance use disorder
  • Personality disorders
  • Medical disorders
50
Q

What are six factors that might increase the risk for more than one anxiety disorder?

A
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • Decreased functioning of GABA and serotonin and increased norepinephrine activity
  • Behavioral inhibition
  • Neuroticism
  • Cognitive factors such as sustained negative beliefs
  • Increased activity in the fear circuit of the brain
51
Q

Why are women twice as likely as men to have anxiety disorders?

A
  • Women are more likely to report symptoms
  • Men are more likely to face fears
  • Women are more likely to experience childhood sexual abuse
  • Women show more biological stress reactivity –> active sweat glands, muscle contractions
52
Q

What are genetic risk factors for anxiety disorders?

A
  • Twin studies suggest heritability of about 20-40% for phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD and about 50% with panic disorder
53
Q

What are neural characteristics for people with anxiety disorders?

A
  • Fear circuit overactivity (amygdalda)

- Nuerotransmitters (Poor functioning of serotonin and GABA/ higher levels of norepinephrine)

54
Q

What are risk factors of social anxiety?

A
  1. Behavioral inhibition
    - Tendency to be agitated, distressed, and cry in unfamiliar situations
    - Observed in infants
  2. Predicts anxiety in childhood and social anxiety in adolescence
  3. Neuroticism
    - React with negative affect
    - Linked with anxiety and depression
    - Higher levels linked to double the likelihood of developing anxiety disorders
55
Q

What are cognitive risk factors of anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Sustained negative beliefs about the future
    - Bad things will happen
    - Act cautiously
  2. Belief that one lacks control over environment
    - More vulnerable to developing anxiety disorder
    - Childhood trauma can foster those beliefs
    - Serious life events can threaten sense of control
  3. Attention to threat
    - Tendency to notice negative environmental cues
    - Selective attention to signs of threat
56
Q

What are medications used in general to treat anxiety disorders?

A
  • Anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepenes: valium and xanax)
  • Antidepressants (SSRIs, and SNRIs)

EXAM 2 - Psych 405 (6 decks)

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