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EXAM 2 - Psych 405 > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common features of depression?

A

Physiological disturbances of irritable or sad mood that affect people’s capacity to function

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2
Q

What are the four types of depression and examples?

A
  1. Affective: persistent periods of feeling down or depressed
  2. Cognitive: recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
  3. Behavioral: reduced level of social participation
  4. Physiological: changes in weight, sleep
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3
Q

What is the course of a major depressive episode?

A
  1. Normal mood
  2. Progression to disorder
  3. Remission
  4. Relapse
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4
Q

What would a clinician do to diagnose depression?

A
  • See if the patient has 5 or more symptoms of depression lasting more than two weeks
  • Is it one episode or more than one?
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5
Q

What is recurrent depression that follows a seasonal pattern?

A
  • Recurrent depressive episodes
  • Hyper insomnia
  • Increased appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Irritability
  • Begin in the fall and continue throughout the winter
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6
Q

What percent of the population is affected by the recurrent depression and what is the mean onset?

A

4-6% and 23 years old

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7
Q

What is the Latiné symptomal experience of depression?

A

Complains of headaches and nerves

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8
Q

What is the Asian symptomal experience of depression?

A

Complains of weakness, fatigue, and poor concentration

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9
Q

What do symptoms look like in children?

A

Stomach ache and headaches

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10
Q

What do symptoms look like in adults?

A
  • Distractibility and forgetfulness
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11
Q

What is the comorbidity of depression with anxiety?

A

2/3 of people also have anxiety

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12
Q

What is the tripartite model of depression?

A

Anxious arousal = anxiety symptoms
Negative affect = anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms
Low positive affect = depressive symptoms

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13
Q

Are women or men twice as likely to experience MDD and persistent depressive disorder?

A

Women

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14
Q

What are men more likely to be depressed about?

A

Financial or occupational stress

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15
Q

What are women more likely to become stressed about?

A

Interpersonal life stress (breakup/divorce)

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16
Q

What can trigger depressive episodes?

A

Stressful Life Events

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17
Q

What is the psychodynamic view of depression?

A
  • Link between depression and grief
  • When a loved one dies, an unconscious process begins and the mourner regresses to the oral stage and experiences introjection
  • Introjection is temporary
  • If grief is long-lasting depression results
  • Those with oral stage issues are at greater risk for developing depression
  • Instead of actual loss some people experience imagined loss instead
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18
Q

What is Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory of Depression?

A
  • Stressor leads to reduction in reinforcers
  • Person withdraws
  • Reinforcers further reduced
  • More withdrawl and depression
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19
Q

What is Beck’s Theory?

A
  • Negative schema: underlying tendency to see the world negatively
  • Negative triad: negative view of self, world, and future
  • Negative schema cause cognitive biases which manifest as processing information in negative ways
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20
Q

What is the helplessness theory?

A
  • Most important trigger of depression is helplessness
  • Desirable outcomes will not occur
  • Person has no ability to change the situation
  • Attributional styles (stable and global attributions can cause hopelessness)
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21
Q

What is the rumination theory?

A
  • A specific way of thinking: tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts
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22
Q

What is Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression?

A
  • Schemas: cognitive structures or attitudes that form in childhood and thereafter to organize the individual’s world
  • Cognitive triad: The distortion of one’s experiences, oneself, and one’s future in ways that increase the likelihood of feeling depressed
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23
Q

What are six common errors in logic in depression?

A
  1. “all or nothing thinking”
  2. overgeneralization
  3. selective thinking
  4. catastrophizing
  5. personalizing
  6. personal ineffectiveness
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24
Q

What is Seligman’s Learned Helplessness Model of Depression?

A
  • Depression results from being in aversive situations in which no one has control over the outcome
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25
Q

What attributions are most likely to lead to depression?

A

Internal, global, and stable

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26
Q

What are cognitive view of depression?

A
  • Learned helplessness

- “It is all my fault [internal]” I ruin everything I touch” [global] and I always will [stable]”

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27
Q

What is Alloy and Abramson’s Hopelessness Model of Depression?

A

State of Hopelessness and Stressful Life Event –> Depression
Cognitive Diathesis - Stress Model

28
Q

What is the Nolen-Hoeksema Rumination Model for Depression?

A

How was the stressful event my fault?
What does the occurrence of the stressor say about me?
How do these things always happen to me?

29
Q

Do women or men have higher rates of displaying the Nolen-Hoeksema Rumination Model for Depression? And why?

A

Women because they have higher rumination rates

30
Q

How does stress cause depression?

A

Learned helplessness

  • A reaction that may result when a person has repeated experiences that are distressing on which they do not seem able to affect
  • They have no control
31
Q

How do SLE’s trigger depressive episodes?

A
  • Learned Hopelessness
  • Physiological event
  • Cortisol response
32
Q

How does the HPA axis play a role in depression?

A

It is a part of the hormonal system which triggers the release of cortisol
Aka high cortisol levels = depression

33
Q

How does stress cause depression in terms of the body?

A

Inflammatory response

  • Cytokines (proteins that are released as a part of an immune response)
  • These fight off infections
34
Q

How does inflammation play a role in how SLE’s trigger symptoms?

A

Life stressors can lead to an increase in pro-inflammatory responses (cytokines)

35
Q

What do we know about the role alleles play in reporting symptoms of depression and number of stressful life events? and how does it serve as a means for medication

A
  • short/short alleles associated with higher reporting and number of stressful life events
  • then short/long
  • then long/long
  • you can predict the type of medication a patient might need
36
Q

What is the goal of cognitive therapy for depression?

A

To challenge and change the maladaptive automatic thoughts that contribute to depression

37
Q

What is the goal for behavior therapy for depression?

A

To encourage clients to avoid social isolation and restriction of activities that may be contributing to their depression

38
Q

What is the goal for psychodynamic therapy (interpersonal) for depression? and the four aspect’s of the patients’ relationships?

A

To encourage clients to strengthen social relationships that provide personal satisfaction

  1. Improving social and communication skills
  2. Resolving significant relationship conflicts
  3. Examining grief
  4. Addressing transitions in interpersonal roles
39
Q

What neurotransmitters are low in someone who has depression?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

40
Q

What receptors lack sensitivity in people who have depression?

A

Dopamine and serotonin

41
Q

What happens when you deplete tryptophan?

A

It causes depression symptoms in people with personal or familial history of depression

42
Q

What are biological interventions for major depressive disorder?

A
  • Antidepressants
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
  • Phototherapy
  • Deep brain stimulation
43
Q

What are different types of antidepressant medications?

A
  • MOA inhibitors (Azilect, marplan)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants (Norpramin, pamelor)1
  • SNRIs (Fetzima, cymbalta)
  • SSRIs (Prozac)
  • NaSSAs (Zispin, norval)
44
Q

Why should you never mix St. John’s Wort and antidepressants?

A

It interferes with birth control and serotonin levels get too high

45
Q

How do antidepressants work?

A
    • block re uptake of monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin)
    • tricyclics are somewhat selective in their actions
46
Q

What are the side effects of antidepressants?

A
    • dry mouth
    • weight gain
    • tiredness
47
Q

How do MOA inhibitors work?

A

– make monoamines more available by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down the monoamines

48
Q

What are the side effects of MOA inhibitors?

A
    • dangerously raise blood sugar by affecting substance called tyramine
    • must severely limit food (wine, cheese, cured meats, chocolate)
    • hypertension, sweating,
49
Q

What are examples of monoamines?

A

Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine

50
Q

How do SSRI’s work?

A

They selectively block the re uptake of serotonin

51
Q

What are the side effects of SSRI’s?

A 
Nausea
Dry mouth 
Dizziness 
Headache 
Sexual side effects
52
Q

How do SNRI’s work?

A

They selectively block the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine

53
Q

What are the side effects of SNRIs?

A

Same side effects as SSRI’s

54
Q

What is a atypical example of an antidepressant?

A

Wellbutrin

– inhibits the removal of NE and DA in the synaptic and prolongs their actions

55
Q

What are the side effects of Wellbutrin?

A
  • Nausea
  • High blood pressure
  • Joint pain
  • Constipation
56
Q

What is melancholic depression?

A

The most severe form of depression

57
Q

What are the symptoms of melancholic symptoms of depression?

A
  • Decreased appetite
  • ## Waking up early in the morning Anhedonia
58
Q

What is the best treatment for melancholic depression?

A

Antidepressants

ECT

59
Q

Describe ECT

A
  • Two electrodes are attached to someone’s head

- An electric current is sent to someone’s head for a matter of a few seconds

60
Q

When is ECT needed?

A
  • Need for an immediate response if the person is in a vegetative state
  • Antidepressant medications cannot be used or there is a lack of response
61
Q

Is ECT the oldest and most effective?

A

Yes

62
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A
  • a strong pulse magnetic field is created by an electromagnet held close to the skull
  • pulses are sent through
63
Q

What are the differences between transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconductive therapy?

A

TMS:
Relatively experimental technique
Uses magnetic field changes to induce current
Much lower energy required to change neuronal activity
Magnetic field can be highly focused
Reportedly fewer cognitive side effects
ECT:
Established technique
Uses electric current to change cortical activity
Direct electric stimulation of CNS
Very large currents needed to change neuronal activity
More widespread passage of current through the cortex
More cognitive side effects

64
Q

What areas of the brain are responsible for major depression?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex

65
Q

What occurs during seasonal affective disorder?

A

Sleep tendencies go up and energy goes down

66
Q

What are treatments for seasonal affective disorder?

A

Antidepressants, psychotherapy, phototherapy

EXAM 2 - Psych 405 (6 decks)

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