observations 3

Question 1

what are the two types of non-participant observation?

Answer 1

1. structured observation
2. unstructured observation

Question 2

define structured observation

Answer 2

An observational study using the predetermined coding scheme to record the participants’ behavior. This produces quantitative data

Question 3

define unstructured observation

Answer 3

Observation, where there is no checklist so every behavior seen, is written down in as much detail as possible (often produces qualitative data)

Question 4

advantages of structured observation

Answer 4

• Easier to record as there is a specific focus on certain behaviours = increases the validity, as the researcher is not distracted by other behaviours or behaviours that may be irrelevant to the research aim.
• Easily replicated = reliable. Due to the clear, planned focus on behaviour, the research could be easily used and understood in a consistent way, also improving replicability.

Question 5

disadvantages of structured observation

Answer 5

• Can reduce validity as there is a clear focus, and behaviours that may be important may be missed due to it not being part of the planned behaviours.
• Open to observer bias as the researcher may interpret behaviours in a way that fits into the planned behavioural categories, therefore reducing validity as it may not reflect what actually happened.

Question 6

advantages of an unstructured observation

Answer 6

• Increases validity as the researcher is taking into account all behaviours that are going on = more valid conclusions are made of behaviour, as a wide perspective is gathered, not a small focused one.
• Applicable to a wide range of contexts. This is a key strength as this method is extremely easy to use when collecting data on many different situations of behaviour.

Question 7

disadvantages of an unstructured observation

Answer 7

• Harder to record as the researcher has to pay attention to everything around them, this may cause behaviours to be missed and reduce validity.
• Harder to establish reliability because there is limited focus, therefore if it were to be replicated, the focus is likely to be different in relation to the individual carrying out the observation.
• Open to observer bias as the researcher may only note down behaviours that support their own theories, or behaviours that reflect what they hoped to find.