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ocr psychology a-level COPY - MT (2024) > observations > Flashcards

observations Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a structured observation?

A

the researcher will have predetermined behaviours and they tally behaviours as they occur

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2
Q

what are the strengths of structured observations?

A
  • higher inter rater reliability
  • easier to record and analyse data
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3
Q

what are the weaknesses of structured observations?

A
  • lower validity
  • many missed behaviours
  • increased observer bias
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4
Q

what is an unstructured observation?

A

the researcher has no predetermined behaviours to look for and so records any behaviours they see

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5
Q

what are the strengths of unstructured observations?

A
  • higher validity
  • less likely to miss behaviours
  • reduced observer bias
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6
Q

what are the weaknesses of unstructured observations?

A
  • lower inter rater reliability
  • harder to record and analyse data
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7
Q

what is a naturalistic observation?

A

observation is carried out in a natural environment where you would expect to see the target behaviour occur

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8
Q

what are the strengths of naturalistic observations?

A

higher ecological validity

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9
Q

what are the weaknesses of naturalistic observations?

A
  • less control of the environment
  • harder to replicate
  • less ethical
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10
Q

what is a controlled observation?

A

observation is carried out in an environment the researcher has control over

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11
Q

what are the strengths of controlled observations?

A
  • more control of the environment
  • easier to replicate
  • more ethical
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12
Q

what are the weaknesses of controlled observations?

A

lower ecological validity

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13
Q

what are participant observations?

A

the observers are part of (or pretending to be) part of the group that is being observed

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14
Q

what are the strengths of participant observations?

A

more accuracy and detail

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15
Q

what are the weaknesses of participant observations?

A
  • increased observer effects
  • increased observer bias
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16
Q

what are non-participant observations?

A

the observers are not part of the group that is being observed

17
Q

what are the strengths of non-participant observations?

A

decreased observer bias

18
Q

what are the weaknesses of non-participant observations?

A

decreased accuracy and detail

19
Q

what are overt observations?

A

participants are aware that they are taking part in an observation

20
Q

what are the strengths of overt observations?

A

increased ethics

21
Q

what are the weaknesses of overt observations?

A

increased observer effects

22
Q

what are covert observations

A

participants are not aware that they are taking part in an observation

23
Q

what are the strengths of covert observations?

A

decreased observer effects

24
Q

what are the weaknesses of covert observations?

A

decreased ethics

25
Q

what is time sampling?

A

the observer records what the participant is doing at fixed time intervals

26
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of time sampling?

A

STRENGTHS:
- easier to record data

WEAKNESSES:
- likely to miss behaviours occurring outside time period

27
Q

what is event sampling?

A

researcher records the behaviour every time it occurs

28
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of event sampling?

A

STRENGTHS:
- less likely to miss behaviours due to no timeframe

WEAKNESSES:
- may miss behaviours due to speed of behaviours
- harder to record data

29
Q

what are behavioural categories?

A

where the observer has predetermined categories of behaviour to observe

30
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of behavioural categories?

A

STRENGTHS:
- gives researcher a reminder of what behaviours to look for
- all data will be relevant
- increased reliability

WEAKNESSES:
- restricts the researcher to only the listed categories
- may miss important behaviours not on the list

31
Q

what are coding frames?

A

where the behavioural categories are coded and can be rated for severity

e.g. a ‘P’ may indicate punching with a scale of 1-5 for severity

32
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of coding frames?

A

STRENGTHS:
- allows for more detail than behaviour checklists

WEAKNESSES:
- open to interpretation and therefore may not be consistent

33
Q

what is meant by the term observer effects?

A

when the presence of an observer changes participant behaviour

34
Q

what is inter-rater reliability?

A

comparing the data recorded by 2 or more observers to see how similar they are

35
Q

what is observer bias?

A

when observers focus on the behaviour they expect or want to see

ocr psychology a-level COPY - MT (2024) (32 decks)

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