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Psychology > Observations > Flashcards

Observations Flashcards

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1
Q

Participant observation

A

When researcher joins groups to get inside perspective and deeper understanding

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2
Q

“ Go native “

A

Getting to attached

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3
Q

Non - participant observation

A

When researcher does not join groups. Stands out taking notes effectively
- people who are observed do not behave naturally = reactivity ( will invalidate data )

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4
Q

Covert

A

When gorups does not know they are being observed. If asked > lies ( decrease demand characteristics but not always ethical )

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5
Q

Overt

A

When groups know they are being observed, and if asked are opened to answer

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6
Q

Naturalistic

A

A type of observation in peoples natural habitat
Strength - high ecological validity and are sometimes ethical

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7
Q

Event sampling

A

When researcher takes notes on only the behavior that is being studied

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8
Q

Point sampling

A

When researcher notes each participants behavior individually

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9
Q

Time sampling

A

When researcher only notes behavior in a regular time interval

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10
Q

Field notes

A

Account of what has been observed

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11
Q

Strengths of participant observation

A
  • Provides detailed and in-depth knowledge of topic
  • Avoids researcher bias because the researcher seek to understand how and why the social processes are the way they are, instead of imposing their own reality on the phenomenon
  • Holistic interpretation, because researcher takes into account as many aspects as possible of that a particular group of people, in order to synthesize observations. The researcher uses material from the participants themselfes to generate theory and tries to explain one set of observations in therms of its relationship with others
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12
Q

Limitations on participant observations

A
  • Difficult to record data promptly and objectively
  • time - consuming and demanding. Demanding, the researcher needs to be physically present and live the life of people they are studying. Time consuming, data analysis, arrive at an account that is reasonably objective and contextually sensitive.
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13
Q

Strengths of naturalistic observations

A
  • high ecological validity ( collection of data takes place in the participants natural enviroment, assumed that participants will behave as they usually do )
  • used to collect data that would be impossible or unethical otherwise
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14
Q

Limitations of naturalistic observations

A
  • Risk that people will vreact to being observed ( reactivity involved )
  • Checking the data ( if researcher collects it alone )
  • Ethical considerations concerning the appropiateness of observing stranters without their knowledge
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15
Q

Inter-observer reliability

A

Multiple observers in the same time field can compara data to ensure a match of the data

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16
Q

Sample

A

A nature of the group of participants

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17
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

A sample of whoever happens to be there and agrees to participate

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18
Q

Sampling bias

A

A sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others

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19
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants among their friends and acquaintances

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20
Q

Participant variability

A

The extent to which the participants may share a common set of traits that can bias the outcome of the study

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21
Q

Random sampling

A

Sample in which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

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22
Q

Generalization

A

Application of research to a larger population

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23
Q

Stratified sample

A

Draws random sample from each subpopulation within the target population

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24
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants must be informed about the nature of a study and agree to participate

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25
Q

Deception

A

The researcher does not inform the participant about the exact aims of their study

26
Q

Protection from physical and mental harm

A

The participant should not be subjected to harm throughout the study

27
Q

Application

A

How a theory or empirical study is used

28
Q

Validity

A

Ability of research to do what it claims to do; it can be generalized

29
Q

Ecological validity

A

The study represents what happens in real life

30
Q

Reliability

A

Ability of the results of a study to be replicated

31
Q

Cross-cultural validity

A

The research is relevant to different cultures

32
Q

Ethnocentric

A

Based on the values and beliefs of one culture

33
Q

Independent variable

A

Causes a change in the other variable; the variable that the researcher manipulates

34
Q

Operationalized

A

Written in such a way that it is clear what is being measured

35
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction of how the independent variable affects the dependent variable

36
Q

Control conditions

A

A standard against which other conditions can be compared in an experiment

37
Q

Lab experiment

A

Researchers have strict control of variables; conducted in an artificial environment

38
Q

Field experiment

A

Takes place in a natural environment, but researchers still manipulate the variables

39
Q

Natural experiment

A

Researchers have no control over the variables ( they are naturally occurring )

40
Q

Confounding variables

A

Undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

41
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The general statement that is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables, which the researcher tris to disprove

42
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Participants try to guess the aim of a study and act accordingly

43
Q

Single blind control

A

The participants do not know what the study is about

44
Q

Double blind control

A

the participants do not know whether they are in the treatment or control group and the person carrying out the experiment does not know the aims of the study or whether each group is the treatment or control group

45
Q

Artificiality

A

When the situation created is so unlikely to occur that one has to wonder if there is any validity to the findings of the study (low ecological validity)

46
Q

Correlational data

A

Data which show a relationship between 2 variables

47
Q

Positive correlation

A

both the variables are affected in the same way (i.e. both increasing or both decreasing)

48
Q

Negative correlation

A

Variable are affected in different ways ( i.e. asone variable increases, the other decreases )

49
Q

Bidirectional ambiguity

A

no cause-and-effect relationship can be determined because no independent variable is manipulated

50
Q

Triangulation

A

Combination of different research methods in a study in order to collect richer data

51
Q

Deductive approach

A

works from the general to the more specific; concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses

52
Q

Inductive approach

A

moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories; involves the exploration of a research question and generates qualitative research

53
Q

Participant bias

A

when the participants adjust their responses or behaviour to what they think is appropriate for the interviewer

54
Q

social desirability bias

A

when people want to present a positive image of themselves and do not tell the truth when asked personal questions

55
Q

Subjectivity

A

Researchers opinions and beliefs affect the research process

56
Q

Objectivity

A

Unbiased research

57
Q

Reactivity

A

participants alter their behaviour when they are being observed

58
Q

Reflexivity

A

researcher is constantly aware of how and why they are conducting research and recognize at what points their own beliefs and opinions about the topic under investigation might have influenced data collection or analysis

59
Q

Holistic approach

A

the entire subject is evaluated; considers all perspectives, conditions and variables; accepting and open-minded

60
Q

Emic approach

A

Inductive

61
Q

Etic approach

A

Deductive

Psychology (5 decks)

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